Final Exam Anatomy I

Question 1

List the functions and basic components of the lymphatic system.

Answer 1

Components:
Lymph- fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic organs
Functions:
Recover fluid lost from blood capillaries, guard against pathogens (immunity), and absorb lipids from small intestine.

Question 2

Explain how lymph is formed.

Answer 2

Clear, colorless fluid
Similar to blood plasma; low in lymphatic vessels, supplies lymphocytes to blood stream, lymph in intestine is chyle.

Question 3

Explain what makes lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels.

Question 4

Name the major types of cells in the lymphatic system and state their functions.

Question 5

Describe the types of lymphatic tissue.

Question 6

Describe the anatomy and lymphatic- immune function of the red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen.

Question 7

Define immune system and explain its relationship to the lymphatic system.

Question 8

Identify the body’s three line of defense against disease agents.

Question 9

Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity.

Question 10

Describe the embryonic origins of the lymphoid organs.

Question 11

Describe some common disorders of the lymphatic and immune systems.

Answer 11

a. Autoimmune diseases- immune attack of own tissues
i. Examples: insulin-dependent
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis.
b. Allergies- exaggerated immune responses.
c. Immunodeficiency diseases- failure of immune responses.

Question 12

Describe changes in the lymphatic system that occur with old age.

Answer 12

a. Quality of red marrow, lymphatic tissue, and thymic hormones decline.
i. Fewer helper T cells, slower
responses to antigens,
increased incidence of cancer.
ii. Poorer discrimination of
antigens result in increase in
autoimmune disease
incidence.

Question 13

State the functions of the respiratory system.

Question 14

Name the principal organs of this system.

Question 15

Distinguish between the conducting and respiratory divisions.

Question 16

Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Question 17

Trace the flow of air from the nose through the larynx.

Question 18

Describe the action of the vocal cords in speech.

Question 19

Trace the flow of air from the trachea to the pulmonary alveoli.

Question 20

Relate the microscopic anatomy of the pulmonary alveoli to their role in gas exchange.

Question 21

Describe the relationship of the pleurae to the lungs.

Question 22

Identify the muscles that ventilate the lungs and describe their respective roles.

Question 23

Describe the prenatal development of the respiratory system.

Question 24

Identify the functions of the digestive system.

Question 25

Describe the changes that occur in the respiratory system in old age.

Question 26

Describe some common respiratory disorders.

Question 27

Identify the layers of the wall of the digestive tract.

Question 28

Describe the enteric nervous system.

Question 29

Name the mesenteries and describe their relationship to the digestive system.

Question 30

State the names and locations of the salivary glands.

Question 31

Describe the location and function of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles.

Question 32

Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the stomach.

Question 33

Describe the nerve and blood supply to the stomach.

Question 34

Explain how the stomach is protected from digesting itself.

Question 35

Describe the structural adaptations of the small intestine for digestion and nutrient absorption.

Question 36

Describe the functions of the liver and bile.

Question 37

Describe the prenatal development of the digestive tract, liver, and pancreas.

Question 38

Define and describe some common disorders of the digestive system.

Question 39

Name and locate the organs of the urinary system.

Question 40

List several functions of the kidneys in addition to urine formation.

Question 41

Define excretion.

Question 42

Identify the major nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys.

Question 43

Identify the major external and internal features of the kidney.

Question 44

Trace the flow of blood through the kidney.

Question 45

Trace the flow of fluid through the renal tubules.

Question 46

State the function of each segment of a renal tubule.

Question 47

Describe the functional anatomy of the ureters, urinary bladder, and male and female urethra.

Question 48

Describe the embryonic development of the urinary system.

Question 49

Describe the degenerative changes that occur in old age.

Question 50

Describe the causes and effects of renal failure.

Question 51

Briefly define or describe several urinary system diseases.