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final exam apk Flashcards

1
Q

fatigue coincides with the depletion of all of the following except

A

lactate

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2
Q

____ is when oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into recovery

A

EPOC

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3
Q

which of the following is/are false concerning events that occur during stimulation of a motoneuron and generation of an action potential?

A

the action potential is propagated down the dendrite

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4
Q

research that takes place in the field is generally better controlled than in a laboratory setting

A

false

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5
Q

the stimulation of the golgi tendon organ leads to ___ of agonist muscles and ____ of antagonist muscles

A

inhibition; excitation

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6
Q

which of the following is NOT considered part of you total daily energy expenditure?

A

breathing rate

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7
Q

according to the size principle of motor unit recruitment, which motor unit will be recruited first for a task

A

type I fibers

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8
Q

which of these sets of factors determines the rate of ATP production?

A

substrate availability, enzyme activity

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9
Q

one mole of glucose when degraded in anaerobic glycolysis will have a net production of:

A

2 moles of ATP

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10
Q

which of the following occurs immediately after the power stroke in the sliding filament theory?

A

myosin disconnects from actin

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11
Q

ATP and PCr can both be used directly for fueling cellular work for brief by intense exercise bouts

A

false

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12
Q

the thick myofilaments are:

A

myosin

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13
Q

recovery of normal heart rate, airway diameter, and arterial diameter after exercise occurs through the ____ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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14
Q

the study of how the body’s structures and functions are altered when exposed to acute and chronic exercise is an appropriate definition of

A

exercise physiology

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15
Q

glucose is the primary ATP substrate for the muscles and brain

A

true

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16
Q

the release of energy for PCr is catalyzed by

A

creatine kinase

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17
Q

what occurs immediately after myosin attaches to the actin binding site?

A

the power stroke occurs

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18
Q

muscle action is initiated when ___ activates the actin filaments

A

calcium

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19
Q

which of the following is a criteria for a VO2max test?

A

RER=1.15

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20
Q

many marathon runners “hit the wall” around mile 20. what does this tell about glycogen?

A

glycogen stores are likely significantly reduced or depleted by mile 20

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21
Q

most people achieve their highest aerobic capacity when tested with the use of

A

a treadmill

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22
Q

the breakdown of creatine phosphate is regulated by:

A

ADP concentration in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

which part of the myofilaments has a binding site for ATP and a binding site for actin

A

myosin

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24
Q

the ATP-PCr system would be the primary ATP source for which event

A

50 m sprint

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25
Q

as intensity increases, in which order are fibers recruited?

A

type I, type II, type IIx

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26
Q

what is the importance of NAD and lactate in the glycolytic pathway

A

lactate assists in regenerating NAD and removes H+ when it leaves the cell

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27
Q

explain the role of the muscle spindle in the stretch reflex

A

the muscle spindle inhibits the antagonist muscle and excites the agonist muscle. it is a receptor that is sensitive to the length of a muscle

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28
Q

what is the purpose of each of the following in the sliding filament theory?
a. acetylcholine
b. calcium
c. ATP

A

a. acetylcholine crosses the synapse and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

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29
Q

action potential cycle

A
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30
Q

steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. AP travels down axon of alpha-motor neuron
  2. AP crosses the synapse to the muscle fiber
  3. AP is generated through the muscle fiber
  4. Depolarization leads to release of calcium from SR
  5. calcium binds to troponin and the actin binding site is exposed
  6. ATP bound to myosin is hydrolyzed and myosin can bind to actin
    7.phosphate is released from the ATP and the power stroke occurs
  7. ADP is released from the myosin binding site and myosin is released from the actin binding site
    9.myosin re-positions and is re-energinzed
  8. calcium is pumped back into the SR
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31
Q

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration and cannot be exhaled is the

A

residual volume

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32
Q

which of the following does NOT intrinsically control blood flow?

A

respiratory mechanisms

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33
Q

during exercise, blood flow will be redirected to the muscles and the ____

A

skin

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34
Q

which endocrine organ does NOT play a role in fluid regulation

A

adrenal medulla

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35
Q

if dehydration causes hematocrit to rise, what is the consequence?

A

increased blood viscosity

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36
Q

mechanoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries and are sensitive to changes in blood pressure

A

false

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37
Q

sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart results in an increase in HR and a decrease in myocardial contraction strength

A

false

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38
Q

which blood vessels are responsible for the most potent vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

arterioles

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39
Q

which of the following described cardiac drift?

A

progressive decline in SV and a parallel increase in HR to maintain cardiac output

40
Q

which of the following is NOT true about cardiac output?

A

it decreases as (a-v) O2 difference increases

41
Q

the increase in heart rate at the very beginning of exercise is due to increase vagal tone

A

false

42
Q

decreasing HR below intrinsic would be due to which of the following

A

increased parasympathetic drive

43
Q

which of the following is commonly used to estimate HRmax?

A

220 - age in years

44
Q

veins always carry deoxygenated blood

A

false

45
Q

which of the following is NOT seen in an ECG

A

atrial repolarization

46
Q

the mechanism that explains the effect of afterload on stroke volume is the

A

none of the above (willis mechanism, end-diastolic mechanism, frank-starling mechanism)

47
Q

which hormone increases appetite

A

ghrelin

48
Q

for most individuals, stroke volume starts to plateau at approx. 40% of max VO2

A

true

49
Q

cardiac output increase during exercise due to ____

A

increase HR and SV

50
Q

the t wave on an ECG represents atrial repolarization

A

false

51
Q

when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right during exercise, what is the result?

A

O2 unloading becomes easier at the muscles

52
Q

the percent of end-diastolic volume (EDV) that is ejected into the periphery is known as ____

A

ejection fraction

53
Q

in hemoglobin, O2 binds to

A

the iron in the heme

54
Q

accumulation of metabolic by-products in muscle (H+, CO2, heat) leads to

A

vasodilation

55
Q

at rest, the ____ receive(s) about 50% of cardiac output

A

liver and kidneys

56
Q

list and briefly define each of the waveforms in an ECG

A

P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization

57
Q

what are the 4 processes of respiration and what do they do

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation: movement or air into and out of lungs (breathing)
  2. pulmonary diffusion: exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood
  3. transport of O2 and CO2 via blood
  4. capillary diffusion: exchanges of O2 and CO3 between the capillary blood and the metabolically active tissue
58
Q

what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represent? explain the effect of increased temperature and increased acidity on oxyhemoglobin binding

A

-comprehends how blood transports and releases oxygen
-increased temp = decreases affinity of hb and o2

59
Q

what are the 4 major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation? what is one hormone that they produce and what does that hormone do?

A
  1. anterior pituitary gland: releases growth hormone ( builds tissue)
  2. thyroid gland: secretes T3 and T4 (increases metabolic rate of all tissues)
  3. adrenal gland: releases fight or flight hormone
  4. pancreas: insuline (lowers blood glucose)
  5. adrenal cortex: release corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
60
Q

starting at the left ventricle, what is the pathway of blood?

A
  1. tissues
  2. right atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. lungs
  5. left atrium
  6. left ventricle
61
Q

the overload principle of physical conditioning means exercising:

A

at intensities greater than normal

62
Q

muscular endurance may be assessed by a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press test

A

false

63
Q

compared to someone who can squat 75 kg for their 1RM, someone else who can squat 150kg for their 1RM has

A

twice the strength

64
Q

who would benefit the most from high-intensity resistance training of the upper-body

A

shot putter

65
Q

rhonda is an endurance athlete and runs 5 times per week, but at least once a week she does an interval run instead of a long slow duration run. rhonda is training in accordance with:

A

the principle of variation

66
Q

the explosive aspect of strength is:

A

muscular power

67
Q

assuming that a man has a maximum heart rate of 170, his maximal heart rate will be lower:

A

when the man becomes 10 years older

68
Q

within skeletal muscle, aerobic training leads to hypertrophy of ___

A

slow oxidative fibers

69
Q

maximal anaerobic capacity would involve which of the following?

A

maximal ATP production from the ATP-PCr system

70
Q

which intracellular change likely contribute the MOST to increases in fiber size, cross-sectional area, and strength of skeletal muscle?

A

more actin and myosin filaments

71
Q

tyrone is recovering from lower limb surgery and currently cannot bend his knees past 90 degrees. tyrone wants to minimize atrophy in his quadriceps and hamstrings as much as possible throughout his recovery, tyrone would BEST benefit from:

A

isometric training

72
Q

ejection fraction is greater as a result of an endurance training which is primarily due to:

A

decreased end systolic volume

73
Q

with resistance training, the increase in the cross sectional area and strength of skeletal muscle is due largely to the increase in mitochondrial size and number

A

false

74
Q

cardiac hypertrophy is an abnormal response to chronic endurance training

A

false

75
Q

the ability to sustain prolonged dynamic, whole-body exercise using large muscle groups is

A

cardiorespiratory endurance

76
Q

as a result of endurance training, both plasma volume and hematocrit increase

A

false

77
Q

as muscles become stronger, what is required in order to continue gaining strength

A

increase resistance/weight

78
Q

within skeletal muscle, sprint training leads to an increase in the percentage of type I fibers and a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers

A

false

79
Q

as a result of aerobic training, increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment combine to lead to directly:

A

increase capillary density

80
Q

high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to benefit endurance athletes

A

true

81
Q

genetics have no effect on one’s VO2max

A

false

82
Q

maximal aerobic power is measured by…

A

VO2max

83
Q

which of the following refers to the increase in the number of muscle fibers

A

muscle fiber hyperplasia

84
Q

in response to aerobic training, resting and submaximal cardiac output do not change significantly

A

true

85
Q

loss of adaptations that occurs from immobliization happens quicker than the loss of adaptations from detraining

A

true

86
Q

as a result of aerobic training, submaximal pulmonary ventilation will be ____, and maximal pulmonary ventilation will be ____/

A

decreased, increased

87
Q

strength gains cannot occur unless there is an increase in muscle size

A

false

88
Q

which of the following statements correctly describes the change in heart rate in response to aerobic training

A

submaximal heart rate decreases

89
Q

which type of exercise training is synonymous with “stretch-shortening cycle exercise?”

A

plyometric training

90
Q

in interval training, intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-PC system would generally last:

A

5-10 seconds

91
Q

list and describe the 5 training principles:

A
  1. principle of individuality: one person response to an exercise or training program may not be how someone else responds
  2. principle of specificity: exercises adaptations specific to mode and intensity of training
  3. principle of reversibility: decreased or stopped training for an extended time
  4. principle of progressive overload: must increase demands on body to make further improvements
  5. principle of variation: systematically changes one or more variable to keep training challenging
92
Q

list and decribes 3 mechanism of muscle strength gain

A
  1. cross-education effect: transfer of strength to untrained muscle on the contralateral side of body
  2. imagined contractions: imagining performing the task, with no trained being involved
  3. increased neural drive: increase in the quantity of neural drive to the acting muscle during maximal contractions
93
Q

describe what changes may be happening to cardiac output (Q) sub-maximally and maximally after aerobic training. how are these changes occuring or not occuring?

A

submaximally = not much change
maximally = increases due to stroke volume

94
Q

acute fatique

A

can be caused by one training session

95
Q

functional overreaching (FOR)

A

training method to increase adaptation

96
Q

nonfuctional overreaching (NFOR)

A

performance decrements due to weeks or months of not enough rest

97
Q

overtraining syndrome (OTS)

A

prolonged maladaptation of biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulatory mechanisms

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