final exam apk Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
fatigue coincides with the depletion of all of the following except
A
lactate
2
Q
____ is when oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into recovery
A
EPOC
3
Q
which of the following is/are false concerning events that occur during stimulation of a motoneuron and generation of an action potential?
A
the action potential is propagated down the dendrite
4
Q
research that takes place in the field is generally better controlled than in a laboratory setting
A
false
5
Q
the stimulation of the golgi tendon organ leads to ___ of agonist muscles and ____ of antagonist muscles
A
inhibition; excitation
6
Q
which of the following is NOT considered part of you total daily energy expenditure?
A
breathing rate
7
Q
according to the size principle of motor unit recruitment, which motor unit will be recruited first for a task
A
type I fibers
8
Q
which of these sets of factors determines the rate of ATP production?
A
substrate availability, enzyme activity
9
Q
one mole of glucose when degraded in anaerobic glycolysis will have a net production of:
A
2 moles of ATP
10
Q
which of the following occurs immediately after the power stroke in the sliding filament theory?
A
myosin disconnects from actin
11
Q
ATP and PCr can both be used directly for fueling cellular work for brief by intense exercise bouts
A
false
12
Q
the thick myofilaments are:
A
myosin
13
Q
recovery of normal heart rate, airway diameter, and arterial diameter after exercise occurs through the ____ nervous system
A
parasympathetic
14
Q
the study of how the body’s structures and functions are altered when exposed to acute and chronic exercise is an appropriate definition of
A
exercise physiology
15
Q
glucose is the primary ATP substrate for the muscles and brain
A
true
16
Q
the release of energy for PCr is catalyzed by
A
creatine kinase
17
Q
what occurs immediately after myosin attaches to the actin binding site?
A
the power stroke occurs
18
Q
muscle action is initiated when ___ activates the actin filaments
A
calcium
19
Q
which of the following is a criteria for a VO2max test?
A
RER=1.15
20
Q
many marathon runners “hit the wall” around mile 20. what does this tell about glycogen?
A
glycogen stores are likely significantly reduced or depleted by mile 20
21
Q
most people achieve their highest aerobic capacity when tested with the use of
A
a treadmill
22
Q
the breakdown of creatine phosphate is regulated by:
A
ADP concentration in the cytoplasm
23
Q
which part of the myofilaments has a binding site for ATP and a binding site for actin
A
myosin
24
Q
the ATP-PCr system would be the primary ATP source for which event
A
50 m sprint
25
as intensity increases, in which order are fibers recruited?
type I, type II, type IIx
26
what is the importance of NAD and lactate in the glycolytic pathway
lactate assists in regenerating NAD and removes H+ when it leaves the cell
27
explain the role of the muscle spindle in the stretch reflex
the muscle spindle inhibits the antagonist muscle and excites the agonist muscle. it is a receptor that is sensitive to the length of a muscle
28
what is the purpose of each of the following in the sliding filament theory?
a. acetylcholine
b. calcium
c. ATP
a. acetylcholine crosses the synapse and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
29
action potential cycle
30
steps of muscle contraction
1. AP travels down axon of alpha-motor neuron
2. AP crosses the synapse to the muscle fiber
3. AP is generated through the muscle fiber
4. Depolarization leads to release of calcium from SR
5. calcium binds to troponin and the actin binding site is exposed
6. ATP bound to myosin is hydrolyzed and myosin can bind to actin
7.phosphate is released from the ATP and the power stroke occurs
8. ADP is released from the myosin binding site and myosin is released from the actin binding site
9.myosin re-positions and is re-energinzed
10. calcium is pumped back into the SR
31
the volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration and cannot be exhaled is the
residual volume
32
which of the following does NOT intrinsically control blood flow?
respiratory mechanisms
33
during exercise, blood flow will be redirected to the muscles and the ____
skin
34
which endocrine organ does NOT play a role in fluid regulation
adrenal medulla
35
if dehydration causes hematocrit to rise, what is the consequence?
increased blood viscosity
36
mechanoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries and are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
false
37
sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart results in an increase in HR and a decrease in myocardial contraction strength
false
38
which blood vessels are responsible for the most potent vasoconstriction and vasodilation
arterioles
39
which of the following described cardiac drift?
progressive decline in SV and a parallel increase in HR to maintain cardiac output
40
which of the following is NOT true about cardiac output?
it decreases as (a-v) O2 difference increases
41
the increase in heart rate at the very beginning of exercise is due to increase vagal tone
false
42
decreasing HR below intrinsic would be due to which of the following
increased parasympathetic drive
43
which of the following is commonly used to estimate HRmax?
220 - age in years
44
veins always carry deoxygenated blood
false
45
which of the following is NOT seen in an ECG
atrial repolarization
46
the mechanism that explains the effect of afterload on stroke volume is the
none of the above (willis mechanism, end-diastolic mechanism, frank-starling mechanism)
47
which hormone increases appetite
ghrelin
48
for most individuals, stroke volume starts to plateau at approx. 40% of max VO2
true
49
cardiac output increase during exercise due to ____
increase HR and SV
50
the t wave on an ECG represents atrial repolarization
false
51
when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right during exercise, what is the result?
O2 unloading becomes easier at the muscles
52
the percent of end-diastolic volume (EDV) that is ejected into the periphery is known as ____
ejection fraction
53
in hemoglobin, O2 binds to
the iron in the heme
54
accumulation of metabolic by-products in muscle (H+, CO2, heat) leads to
vasodilation
55
at rest, the ____ receive(s) about 50% of cardiac output
liver and kidneys
56
list and briefly define each of the waveforms in an ECG
P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
57
what are the 4 processes of respiration and what do they do
1. pulmonary ventilation: movement or air into and out of lungs (breathing)
2. pulmonary diffusion: exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood
3. transport of O2 and CO2 via blood
4. capillary diffusion: exchanges of O2 and CO3 between the capillary blood and the metabolically active tissue
58
what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represent? explain the effect of increased temperature and increased acidity on oxyhemoglobin binding
-comprehends how blood transports and releases oxygen
-increased temp = decreases affinity of hb and o2
59
what are the 4 major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation? what is one hormone that they produce and what does that hormone do?
1. anterior pituitary gland: releases growth hormone ( builds tissue)
2. thyroid gland: secretes T3 and T4 (increases metabolic rate of all tissues)
3. adrenal gland: releases fight or flight hormone
4. pancreas: insuline (lowers blood glucose)
5. adrenal cortex: release corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
60
starting at the left ventricle, what is the pathway of blood?
1. tissues
2. right atrium
3. right ventricle
4. lungs
5. left atrium
6. left ventricle
61
the overload principle of physical conditioning means exercising:
at intensities greater than normal
62
muscular endurance may be assessed by a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press test
false
63
compared to someone who can squat 75 kg for their 1RM, someone else who can squat 150kg for their 1RM has
twice the strength
64
who would benefit the most from high-intensity resistance training of the upper-body
shot putter
65
rhonda is an endurance athlete and runs 5 times per week, but at least once a week she does an interval run instead of a long slow duration run. rhonda is training in accordance with:
the principle of variation
66
the explosive aspect of strength is:
muscular power
67
assuming that a man has a maximum heart rate of 170, his maximal heart rate will be lower:
when the man becomes 10 years older
68
within skeletal muscle, aerobic training leads to hypertrophy of ___
slow oxidative fibers
69
maximal anaerobic capacity would involve which of the following?
maximal ATP production from the ATP-PCr system
70
which intracellular change likely contribute the MOST to increases in fiber size, cross-sectional area, and strength of skeletal muscle?
more actin and myosin filaments
71
tyrone is recovering from lower limb surgery and currently cannot bend his knees past 90 degrees. tyrone wants to minimize atrophy in his quadriceps and hamstrings as much as possible throughout his recovery, tyrone would BEST benefit from:
isometric training
72
ejection fraction is greater as a result of an endurance training which is primarily due to:
decreased end systolic volume
73
with resistance training, the increase in the cross sectional area and strength of skeletal muscle is due largely to the increase in mitochondrial size and number
false
74
cardiac hypertrophy is an abnormal response to chronic endurance training
false
75
the ability to sustain prolonged dynamic, whole-body exercise using large muscle groups is
cardiorespiratory endurance
76
as a result of endurance training, both plasma volume and hematocrit increase
false
77
as muscles become stronger, what is required in order to continue gaining strength
increase resistance/weight
78
within skeletal muscle, sprint training leads to an increase in the percentage of type I fibers and a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers
false
79
as a result of aerobic training, increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment combine to lead to directly:
increase capillary density
80
high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to benefit endurance athletes
true
81
genetics have no effect on one's VO2max
false
82
maximal aerobic power is measured by...
VO2max
83
which of the following refers to the increase in the number of muscle fibers
muscle fiber hyperplasia
84
in response to aerobic training, resting and submaximal cardiac output do not change significantly
true
85
loss of adaptations that occurs from immobliization happens quicker than the loss of adaptations from detraining
true
86
as a result of aerobic training, submaximal pulmonary ventilation will be ____, and maximal pulmonary ventilation will be ____/
decreased, increased
87
strength gains cannot occur unless there is an increase in muscle size
false
88
which of the following statements correctly describes the change in heart rate in response to aerobic training
submaximal heart rate decreases
89
which type of exercise training is synonymous with "stretch-shortening cycle exercise?"
plyometric training
90
in interval training, intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-PC system would generally last:
5-10 seconds
91
list and describe the 5 training principles:
1. principle of individuality: one person response to an exercise or training program may not be how someone else responds
2. principle of specificity: exercises adaptations specific to mode and intensity of training
3. principle of reversibility: decreased or stopped training for an extended time
4. principle of progressive overload: must increase demands on body to make further improvements
5. principle of variation: systematically changes one or more variable to keep training challenging
92
list and decribes 3 mechanism of muscle strength gain
1. cross-education effect: transfer of strength to untrained muscle on the contralateral side of body
2. imagined contractions: imagining performing the task, with no trained being involved
3. increased neural drive: increase in the quantity of neural drive to the acting muscle during maximal contractions
93
describe what changes may be happening to cardiac output (Q) sub-maximally and maximally after aerobic training. how are these changes occuring or not occuring?
submaximally = not much change
maximally = increases due to stroke volume
94
acute fatique
can be caused by one training session
95
functional overreaching (FOR)
training method to increase adaptation
96
nonfuctional overreaching (NFOR)
performance decrements due to weeks or months of not enough rest
97
overtraining syndrome (OTS)
prolonged maladaptation of biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulatory mechanisms
