Final Exam BIO74

Question 1

How do fungi obtain their nutrients?

How do fungi differ from bacteria?

Answer 1

absorbing organic compounds from the environment

Bacteria - Prokaryotes
Fungi- Eukaryotes
Fungi can tolerate lower moisture conditions than bacteria

Question 2

Benefits of Fungi

Answer 2

Decomposers / Biotechnology

Question 3

How are fungi classified?

How do they reproduce?

Answer 3

Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

Budding/ Producing spores

Question 4

what is it called when fungi grow as yeast at certain temperature and as molds at other temperature?

Answer 4

Dimorphic

Question 5

What is Dysentry?

Answer 5

Diarrhea with blood and other liquids

Question 6

What disease is caused by Coccidioides and what is unique about it?

Answer 6

Valley Fever/ Dimorphic

Question 7

What is histoplasmosis?

What pathogen causes it?

What are the symptoms?

What region does it occur?

Transmission?

Answer 7

Fungal Disease

The fungus lives in the environment, particularly in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings. Histoplasma (H. Capsulatum)

Fever; Chills; Headache; Muscle aches; Dry cough; Chest discomfort; Fatigue.

Central Areas in the U.S

Inhalation of spores of fungi

Question 8

How do you prevent Trichophyton infections?

Answer 8

Good hygiene, Keep skin dry and clean

Question 9

Which fungal disease causes chronic, debilitating diseases such as diarrhea or conjunctivitis?

Answer 9

Microspordia

Question 10

Which soil fungus most severely impacts cystic fibrosis patients?

Answer 10

Aspergilius, it causes bronchitis like symptoms and can develop into an invasive lung infection characterized by a fungal mass.

Question 11

What is Lichen?

Which partner provide the food?

Which partner provide the holdfast?

What is environmental role?

What do we use lichens for?

Answer 11

Combination of Fungi and Algae

Algae

Fungi

Good indicator for environmental change

Economic ways: Produce dyes, Antimicrobial substance, Litmus

Question 12

Cryptococcus: What disease does it cause? What is unique about it?

Answer 12

Cryptococcosis/ begins in lungs, can spread to brain

Question 13

Trophozoite

Answer 13

Vegetative form of protozoan

Question 14

Trypanosoma B. Gambiense

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Answer 14

Chronic sleeping sickness 
Vector: Tsetse Fly
Symptoms: 
1. Intermittent Fever
2. Meningitis and Encephalitis  
Geographic Locations: West Africa 

Vector:Kissing Bug
Symptoms: Acure & Chronic mostly asymptotic
acure: fever, mild enlargement of Liver, Spleen, or Lymph Nodes.
Chronic: Last decades, lifetime cardiac and/ or GI symptoms
Geographic Locations: Mainly Latin America

Question 15

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Answer 15

one of the few STDs that doesn’t lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.
it still has plenty of other devastating complications
- Underweight newborn or premature birth
- Increased risk of contracting HIV and other STDs
no cyst form, it is only the trophozoite for the whole life cycle

Question 16

Entamoeba Histolytica

Answer 16

Cause : Ingestion of cyst

• Each cyst has 4 nuclei
• The trophozoite can be found in the feces too, but isn’t infectious

Question 17

B.coli stands for?
What disease symptoms does it cause?
What region of the body does it infect?

Answer 17

Balantidium coli
balantidiasis
infects the large intestine in humans and produces infective microscopic cysts that are passed in the feces,

Question 18

malaria is caused by which protozoan?

How is it transmitted?

Answer 18

Plasmodium parasite

Anopheles mosquitoes transmittes malaria

Question 19

Beef tapeworm caused by __1__ acquired by __2__.

Answer 19

1. Cysterci

2. Eating raw or undercooked meat of infected cattle

Question 20

Necator is a type of __1__ worm, it is acquired by __2__, it causes __3__ disease symptoms.

Answer 20

1. hookworm
2. soil p.
3. stomach related

Question 21

Number of hosts typically used by Clonorchis sinensis to complete it life cycle __.

Answer 21

3

Question 22

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma? How do you contact schistosoma?

Answer 22

snail
Adult female flukes lay eggs. Eggs reach the body of water after being exerted in human feces or urine. Eggs hatch into free swimming larvae. Miracidium penetrates snails. Miracidium reproduces in snails forming several cercariae. Cercariae are released from snails. Free swimming cercariae penetrate human skin losing tail.

Question 23

Itchy bottom on a child, and translucent eggs on scotch tape immediately after they wake up is characteristic of which helminth?

Answer 23

Pinworm

Question 24

how do people become infected with beef tapeworm?

Answer 24

Ingesting cysticerci of Taenia Saginata in undercooked meat

Question 25

how do people become infected with pork tapeworm?

Answer 25

Pig to Human: adult worms in intestine produce eggs, shed in feces. when eggs are eaten by pigs. People become infected if they eat undercooked infected pork. Human to Human: Ingested eggs from an infected person. Leads to Cysticerosis, when larvae encyst in the brain, eyes or other areas.

Question 26

how do people become infected with Ascaria?

Answer 26

Soil contaminated with fecal material containing eggs

Question 27

Ticks are generally considered the most important Arachnid vector because ?

Answer 27

They spread significant diseases by bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens such as lyme disease, the spotted fevers and many other. They are found nearly everywhere.

Question 28

Ophthalmic Cysticerosis is caused by?

Answer 28

Cestode Taenia Solum

Question 29

Most Fungal infection

Answer 29

dont require treatment , but the number of immunocompromised individuals are increasing, and thus the number of serious fungal infections are increasing.