Final Exam By Sam! Flashcards
(78 cards)
After which trial stage is a medication eligible for FDA approval
Stage 3
The three main ethical principles of the Bellmont Report are…
Respect for persons
Benevolence
Justice
The term “placebo” is defined as:
A substance with no therapeutic benefit
In which clinical trial stage is a drug tested for safety and toxicity in a small number of participants?
Stage 1
Describe (1) why it is important to include a diverse patient population in clinical trials and (2) how you determine what demographics to include in a clinical trial.
A diverse population ensures that treatments are safe for all patients and not just a certain group. It helps identify differences in drug responses and side effects among the different demographics. Recruitment for clinical trials should include the population affected by the condition and the groups most likely to use the medication if it is approved
List 5 common cell-specific side effects of unspecific, non-selective chemotherapeutic agents that were mentioned in the lecture
Hair follicles-hair loss
Bone marrow-immune suppression, Anemia, hemorrhage
Germ cell- infertility
Gastrointestinal epithelia- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
What is NOT an advantage of protein kinase inhibitors over antibodies or unspecific, non-selective agents?
Cheaper to produce.
Fill in the blank: Antimetabolites and (BLANK) inhibit DNA replication and transcription.
Alkylating agents
Which patient population can benefit from hormonal therapy?
Only patients with hormone-dependent cancers.
Is the following statement true? “Cancer Treatment is usually a combination of several drugs or methods.”
Yes
What is the difference between ionizing and non ionizing radiation?
lonizing- has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, cellular damage, increase the risk of cancer
Non-ionizing- does not have enough energy to ionized atoms and is generally, less, harmful, mostly causing effects like heating
How is radiation used to diagnose cancer?
MRI and CT, PET/SPECT, Bone scan can all detect cancer in someone
Order these radiation types in highest to lowest energy: Alpha, beta, gamma
Gamma, beta, alpha
What is an isotope?
Versions of the same element with differing masses, share the same number of protons, but have a different number of neutrons. They have a smaller percent relative natural abundance because of their instability.
How is radiation used to treat cancer?
External Beam Radiation, can shrink tumors before surgery or cleanup margins after
What are the different types of non-small cell lung cancer?
Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma
What are the two different stages of SCLC? Define them.
Limited stage SCLC - tumor present in only one lung-confined within one radiation port, about 1/3 patients have LS-SCLC at diagnosis
Extensive stage- cancer has spread widely throughout one lung to other lung, lymph nodes, or distant organs. About 2/3 parties have it at diagnosis.
What are the different treatment options available for extensive stage SCLC?
Chemotherapies- cisplatin or carbarlatio, etoposide Immunotherapies- atezalizumab, duralumar
What are the targeted therapies available for NSCLC?
KRAS G12C gene, ALK gene, EGFR gene
After clinical stage __ a medication is eligible for FDA approval.
3
Describe how obesity promotes cancer development.
Increased lipid intermediate, insulin resistance, altered hormones, inflammatory cytokines, growth factor, changing in micro biome
Smoking and tobacco promotes what type of cancer
Mouth cancer
Obesity promotes what type of cancer
Thyroid cancer
Infections promote what type of cancer
Head/neck cancer
