Final Exam - Cancer (Intro)

Question 1

noeplasm

Answer 1

new growth, benign or malignant

Question 2

tumor

Answer 2

nonspecific term meaning lump or swelling

Question 3

cancer

Answer 3

malignant neoplasm

Question 4

types of -plasias

Answer 4

hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
anaplasia

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in organ or tissue size due to increase in the number of cells

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

a substitution of one type of adult tissue for another

Question 7

dysplasia

Answer 7

abnormal proliferation in which there is loss of normal architecture

Question 8

anaplasia

Answer 8

Loss of structural differentiation. Cells dedifferentiate.

Question 9

types of -omas

Answer 9

carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
sarcoma
lymphoma/leukemia
melanoma
blastoma
teratoma

Question 10

carcinoma

Answer 10

malignant neoplasm, squamous epithelial cells

Question 11

adenocarcinoma

Answer 11

malignant neoplasm, glandular tissue

Question 12

sarcoma

Answer 12

malignant neoplasm, mesenchymal tissue

Question 13

lymphoma/leukamia

Answer 13

malignant neoplasm, hematopoietic tissue

Question 14

melanoma

Answer 14

cancer of pigment cells (skin or eye)

Question 15

blastoma

Answer 15

malignancy in precursor cells (blasts)
-more common in children

Question 16

teratoma

Answer 16

germ cell neoplasm of several different types of tissues

Question 17

numerical staging

Answer 17

worse prognosis with increasing stage #

Question 18

TNM staging

Answer 18

more involvement and higher numbers mean worse prognosis and worse outcomes in general

Question 19

hallmarks of cancer

Answer 19

1. sustaining proliferative signaling
2. avoid immune destruction
3. enable replicative immortality
4. invasion and metastasis
5. accessing vasculature
6. resisting cell death

Question 20

oncogenes

Answer 20

promote tumor growth
-v-Src
-EGFR
-Ras or Kras
-PI3K

Question 21

tumor supporessors

Answer 21

suppress tumor growth
-RB1
-BRCA1 and BRCA2
-p16
-p53

Question 22

all CML have this

Answer 22

bcr-abl translocation

Question 23

15-30% of NSCLC have this mutation

Answer 23

EGFR

Question 24

EGFR is a ______ mutation

Answer 24

activating (cells begin to grow unchecked)

Question 25

drugs used to target EGFR mutation

Answer 25

tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Question 26

BRCA mutations in breast cancer are susceptible to what therapy

Answer 26

PARP inhibitors -olaparib -any other -paribs

Question 27

olaparib MOA

Answer 27

Binds PARP to DNA so that it cannot go to other DNA strand breaks. This leads to more and more DNA damage until eventually the cell dies.

Question 28

drug class and area of cell cycle it targets -5 categories -9 drug classes

Answer 28

DNA damaging agents (non-specific) -alkylators -intercalaters DNA replication (S phase) -anti-metabolites -anti-folates -topo1 inhibitors sister chromatid separation (G2 phase) -topo 2 inhibitors chromosome segregation (M phase) -microtubule inhibitors mitogenic signaling (G1 phase) -kinase inhibitors -hormone inhibitors

Question 29

regulators of cell cycle steps

Answer 29

CDC2 - M phase/G2 phase CDK4/6 - G1 phase CDK2 - G1 phase at replication point/S phase

Question 30

CDK4/6 inhibtors

Answer 30

ribociclib palbociclib abemaciclib

Question 31

palbociclib AE

Answer 31

neutropenia N/V/D fatigue

Question 32

palbociclib MOA

Answer 32

approved for BRCA1/2 mutations

Question 33

are alkylating agents dependent on the cell cycle stage

Answer 33

no, they can damage DNA in G0 resting phase and cells that are progressing through the cell cycle

Question 34

cell cycle non-specific drugs

Answer 34

alkylating agents and DNA intercalating agents

Question 35

majority of SE from chemo occur to what cells in the body

Answer 35

rapidly dividing cells -GI tract (N/V, loss of appetite) -WBCs (infections) -RBCs (anemia)

Question 36

major dose limiting toxicity in chemo drugs

Answer 36

myelosuppression

Question 37

most common SE in chemo drugs

Answer 37

N/V

Question 38

drugs that work at G1 stage

Answer 38

asparaginase steroids (prednisone)

Question 39

drugs that work at S stage

Answer 39

folic acid analogs methotrexate cytarabine gemcitabine capecitabine fluorouracil mercaptopurine irinotecan topotecan

Question 40

drugs that work at G2 stage

Answer 40

bleomycin etoposide

Question 41

drugs that work at M stage

Answer 41

docetaxel paclitaxel vinblastine vincristine vinorelbine

Question 42

drugs in CHOP

Answer 42

cyclophosphamide doxorubicin vincristine prednisone

Question 43

mechanisms of drug resistance

Answer 43

1. altered drug metabolism 2. changes in drug target or fxn 3. physiological changes that promote resistance 4. cell survival mechanisms

Question 44

altered drug metabolism examples

Answer 44

1. increased transport of drugs out of the cell through efflux pumps -PgP -MRP: multidrug resistant proteins 2. reduced transport into the cell -loss of drug importer, decreased membrane permeability 3. decreased activation of prodrug 4. increased detoxification of drug molecule

Question 45

changes in drug target or fxn examples

Answer 45

1. increased expression of drug target through gene amplification or expression -upregulation of target makes it harder to inhibit 2. emergence of mutant, structurally altered target

Question 46

cell survival mechanisms examples

Answer 46

1. activation of anti-apoptotic regulators 2. increased repair of damage caused by chemotherapies

Question 47

microtubule inhibitors

Answer 47

vincristine paclitaxel docetaxel

Question 48

topoisomerase inhibitors

Answer 48

etoposide (topo 2) irinotecan (topo 1) doxorubicin (topo 2, DNA damage) bleomycin (topo 2, DNA damage)

Question 49

alkylators/platinum compounds

Answer 49

chlorambucil cyclophosphamide mitomycin C cisplatin

Question 50

anti-metabolites

Answer 50

6-mercaptopurine methotrexate 5-fluorouracil cytarabine