Final Exam (Chapters 8-13) Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of E-business?
A
Activities a company performs for selling and buying products and services using computers and communication technologies
2
Q
What is the definition of E-commerce?
A
Buying and selling goods and services over the internet
3
Q
What is a value chain?
A
It is a series of activities designed to meet business needs by adding value (or cost) in each phase of the process
4
Q
How can e-commerce help the value chain?
A
by providing new ways to reduce costs or improve operations
5
Q
What are some examples of how e-commerce can help the value chain?
A
collaborating with companies
buying and selling products / services
communicating with business partners
providing customer service
gathering business intelligence on competitors / customers
6
Q
What is click and brick e commerce?
A
The mix of traditional commerce (brick and mortar stores) and e-commerce
7
Q
What are some advantages of e-commerce?
A
enhances relationships with suppliers, customers, business partners
creates price transparency
can operate around the clock (24/7) and around the globe (wider market)
Increases customer involvement
Improves customer service
Increases the number of potential customers, the flexibility and ease of shopping
Reduces admin and transaction costs
8
Q
What are disadvantages with e-commerce (from the business side)?
A
Bandwidth capacity problems
security and privacy issues
acceptance
maintenance / upkeep
9
Q
What are disadvantages with e-commerce (from the customer side)?
A
Security and privacy
Hidden costs (shipping idk)?
Lack of personal attention
10
Q
What is the merchant business model in e-commerce?
A
Transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of the internet (Amazon)
11
Q
What is the brokerage business model in e-commerce?
A
brings sellers and buyers together on the web and collects commissions on transactions between these parties (Ebay, airbnb, uber)
12
Q
What is the intermediary business model in e-commerce?
A
Sites collect information on customers and businesses and then sell that information to other companies for marketing purposes
13
Q
What is the subscription business model in e-commerce?
A
E-commerce sites sell digital products or services to customers (example: Netflix)
14
Q
What is the advertising business model in e-commerce?
A
Extension of traditional advertising media (google, Facebook…)
15
Q
What is the mixed business model in e-commerce?
A
Generating revenue from more than one source (Example: Amazon, subscription, merchant, brokerage…)
16
Q
What are the major categories of e-commerce?
A
Business to customer (B2C)
Business to business (B2B)
Customer to customer (C2C)
Customer to business (C2B)
17
Q
What is business to customer e-commerce?
A
Companies can sell directly to customers
Apple, Walmart…
18
Q
What is business to business e-commerce?
A
Involves electronic transactions between businesses
Use of electronic data interchange and electronic funds transfer
Walmart and its suppliers
19
Q
What is consumer to consumer e-commerce?
A
Transaction between users / consumers
Airbnb, uber, ebay, facebook marketplace
20
Q
What is consumer to business e-commerce?
A
People selling products or services to businesses
Amazon mechanical turk
21
Q
What are the major models of business to business?
A
Seller side, buyer side, third party exchange
22
Q
What are the models based on for the major business to business models?
A
they are based on who controls the marketplace
23
Q
What is the seller side model of business to business?
A
Specialized markets
24
Q
What is the buyer side model of business to business?
A
Invitation markets/bids
25
What is the third party exchange model of business to business?
Fee based matching
26
What is the third party exchange model of business to business?
Fee based matching
27
What is ebXML?
standardizes the secure exchange of business data and similar to HTML but extensible meaning you can create new tags in XML but cannot do so with HTML
28
What is voice based e-commerce?
relying on voice recognition and text to speech technologies
Google home, amazon alexa
29
What is search engine optimization?
Improving the volume or quality of traffic to a website
Higher ranking in search results = generate more revenue (usually)
30
How can you improve your search engine optimization?
Through keywords, page titles, inbound links, content, and links that go to other websites
31
What is social commerce?
a subset of e-commerce that is influenced by social networks and other online media
32
What is hypersocial organizations?
companies that leverage social media to better connect with customer and increase sales through the social process
33
What is the definition of global information systems?
Information systems that work across national borders
they allow communications between headquarters and subsidiaries
gathers, stores, manipulates, and transmits data across cultural and geographic boundaries
34
What are some challenges in GIS? (global information systems)
currency conversion
measurement differences
data formats
Transborder data flow
35
What is transborder data flow?
the restriction of the types of data that can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries
36
What are two dimensions GIS is defined in terms of?
Control and coordinate
37
What does the dimension control require (dimension of GIS)
centralized architecture for data
standardized definitions used across the organization
standard formats for reports
defined behaviours for different processes
performance tracking system
38
What does the dimension coordination require (dimension of GIS)
standardization within departments
ability to communicate these standards to other departments
collaboration systems
technologies that support informal communication and socialization
39
What are some advantages of high coordination?
flexibility to respond to competitors in different countries
ability to respond in one country to a change in another
maintain control of market needs around the world
share/transfer knowledge between departments and international branches
increased efficiency and effectiveness in meeting customers needs
reduced operational costs
40
What are four commonly accepted types of global organizations?
Multinational
global
international
transnational
41
What is a multinational organization structure?
the production, sales, and marketing are decentralized
financial management remains the parent companies responsibility
focus on local responsiveness
each subsidiary may opperate on a different platform
42
What are the advantages of multinational organization structure?
Reduces the need for communication between subsidiaries and headquarters
subsidiaries make decisions on their own
43
What is the global organization (franchiser) structure?
Subsidiaries have little autonomy
they rely on the headquarters for all process, control decisions, system design and implimentation
Integration needed to manage production, marketing, and HR is difficult
Heavy reliance on headquarters
Example: Mcdonalds
44
What is the international organization structure?
Operates much like a multinational corporation structure, however the subsidiaries depend on headquarters much more for process and production decisions
information systems personnel are regularly exchanged among locations, this encourages a cooperative culture in geographically dispersed personnel
45
What is the transnational organizational structure?
Parent company and subsidiaries work together (design policies, procedures, logistics... together)
headquarters aren't set up in a particular country, regional divisions share authority and responsibility
this focuses on optimizing supply sources using advantages available in subsidiary locations
46
What is offshoring?
moving functions of a branch to a foreign country but still controlling it
47
What is outsourcing?
making another company take charge of a specific function, thus the function is controlled or managed by the company that it is outsourced to
48
What is offshore outsourcing?
Outsourcing to companies in another country
49
What is the SDLC?
Systems development life cycle
50
What is phase 1 of the SDLC called?
planning
51
What happens during phase 1 of SDLC?
Define the problem(s) that the organization faces (internally or externally)
Make sure you understand the four W's
Why is it being designed
Who will be using it
When will it be operational
What are its capabilities
52
What are enterprise systems?
Applications used throughout the organization to support decision making
53
What is a supply chain?
a supply chain is a integrated network consisting of an organization, suppliers, transportation companies, and brokers
54
What is supply chain management?
Process of working with suppliers and partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for delivering products and services
55
What are the three communication channels used in SCM?
Product flow
Information flow
Finances flow
56
What is electronic data interchange? (EDI)
enables business partners to send and receive information on business transactions
expedites delivering accurate information
lowers the cost of transmitting documents
57
What is customer relationship management? (CRM)?
the processes a company uses to track and organize its contracts with customers
58
What is the main goal of customer relationship management (CRM)?
to improve services offered to customers
use customer contact information for targeted marketing
59
What are marketing strategies in a customer relationship management (CRM) system?
Focus on long term relationships with customers instead of transactions
60
What divisions can be supported by customer relationship management? (CRM)
sales and marketing automation
order processing
customer support
Personalization technology
61
what is the difference between personalization and customization?
Personalization is about companies using customer data to create a personalized experience for each individual, while customization is about giving customers the ability to modify the standard offering to better meet their own needs and preferences
62
What is a knowledge management system?
a set of prepossesses, technologies, and practices that organizations use to identify, capture, store, and share knowledge and expertise.
63
What is knowledge management systems goal?
its goal is to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge
64
What is tacit knowledge?
knowledge that exists within peoples minds and experiences
65
What is explicit knowledge?
knowledge that can be documented, shared, and reused by others
66
What is the SECI model of knowledge transfer?
It is a framework for the creation and transfer of knowledge, based on the idea that knowledge is created and transferred through a spiral of four stages, socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization.
67
What is socialization stage in the SECI model?
The stage where tacit knowledge is shared through direct experience, observation, and communication
sharing experiences, stories, and insights through social interaction
68
What is externalization stage in the SECI model?
The stage where tacit knowledge is converted into explicit knowledge.
tacit knowledge is expressed through words, diagrams, or other means of sharing it and documenting it
69
What is the combination stage in the SECI model?
explicit knowledge is combined with other forms of explicit knowledge in a knowledge system to integrate multiple bodies of knwoledge
70
What is the internalization stage in the SECI model?
explicit knowledge is internalized and turned back into tacit knowledge. this is done by doing
71
What is an enterprise resource planning system? (ERP)
it is an integrated system that collects and processes data from various functional areas of an organization.
it managers and coordinates resources, information, and functions in its database.
it integrates all the other systems.
72
what are management support systems (MMSs)?
They are information systems that support managers in certain decision-making activities
each type of MMSs is designed with a unique goal and objective (and to help make different decisions than another MMSs)
73
What is the decision support system (DSS)?
this system provides managers with tools and information they need to analyze data and make decisions.
typically involves the use of models or simulations to evaluate alternatives and predict the outcome
74
What is a structured decision? (DSS)
Structured decisions are well-defined repetitive decisions that can be made using pre-defined procedures and rules
can be automated
75
What is a semi-structured decision? (DSS)
These are decisions that are more complex than structured decisions. They may require some analysis and evaluation, but can be guided by pre-defined criteria
76
What is an unstructured decision? (DSS)
These decisions are complex, non-routine (one-time or very rare) decisions that require judgment, creativity, and intuition.
There is usually a high degree of uncertainty or ambiguity
Information technology offers littler support for these decisions
77
What is the intelligence phase of the decision-making process (DSS)?
Involves gathering and analyzing data from various sources, looking for problems or opportunities and defining the decision (and its alternatives)
78
What is the design phase of the decision-making process (DSS)?
Involves designing the decision-making model, selecting appropriate tools and techniques, and specifying decision criteria and constraints
generating and understanding how each alternative affects the criteria
79
What is the choice phase of the decision making process (DSS)?
Involves evaluating the alternatives generated in the design phase, making a decision and selecting the best alternative
80
What is the implementation phase in the decision-making process (DSS)?
Involves implementing the chosen alternative, monitoring its performance, and modifying the decision if necessary
81
What is the database component within a decision support system? (DSS)
involves the management of large volumes of data from various sources (internal and external)
it also provides the necessary tools to store, retrieve, and manage data efficiently
82
What is the model base component within a decision support system? (DSS)
involves the development and management of models that are used to analyze data and provide support for decision making
can be used to simulate different scenarios
83
what is the user interface component within a decision support system? (DSS)
is between the user and the decision support system (DSS), enables users to interact with the system and to input data, define parameters, and view results
84
What is the DSS engine component within a decision support system? (DSS)
it is the core of the DSS and involves the use of various algorithms and decision-making techniques. The decision engine analyzes data and models, and generates recommendations and alternatives for the decision maker
85
What is an executive information system (EIS)?
It is a type of decision support system (DSS) that provides senior executives with easy and quick access to critical data and tools to help make informed decisions
it integrates data from various sources and provides customized information to meet specific needs of individual executives
EIS helps improve decision making, increase efficiency and gain a competitive edge
86
What are some reasons an executive might use an executive information system? (EIS)
EIS provides better decision-making tools
include graphs
share information with others quickly and easily
improve executive's efficiency and effectiveness of decision-making
increase executives productivity
87
What is a group support system? (GSS)
it is a type of management information system that assists decision makers working in group projects
it is a collaborative platform where members can share ideas, collaborate on tasks, and make decisions more effectively
it can improve productivity, reduce decision-making time, and enhance the quality of decisions
88
What is a geographic information system? (GIS)
it captures, stores, manages, analyzes, and displays geographic data
allows users to view, understand, interpret, and visualize data in maps, reports, and charts
can help gain insights into complex spatial relationships and improve the decision making process
89
What are some applications of where geographic information system would be useful? (GIS)
Urban planning
government
insurance
marketing
real estate
agriculture
natural resource management
90
What is artificial intelligence? (AI)
programming machines to try to simulate and reproduce human thought and behaviour (thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning)
91
What is an expert system (relating to AI)?
Expert systems are a type of Ai that emulate decision-making abilities of a human that is a expert in a specific area
92
Where would an expert system be used?
They are used for tasks in medicine, geology, education, oil exploration, financial planning
usually used for tasks that human experts have already handled successfully
93
What is the knowledge acquisition facility component of a expert system?
used to gather knowledge from human experts in the domain and to transform that knowledge into a form that can be used by the expert system
94
What is the knowledge base component of a expert system?
contains the knowledge that has been acquired and organized in a way that is easily access and used by the expert system
95
What is the knowledge base management system (KBMS) component of a expert system?
used to manage and maintain the knowledge base
adding new knowledge, modify existing knowledge, and deleting outdated knowledge
96
What is the inference engine component of a expert system?
this is the reasoning component of the expert system that uses the knowledge in the knowledge base to draw conclusions and recommendations.
97
What is the explanation facility component of a expert system?
provides the user with explanations of the reasoning and decision making process of the expert system
helps build trust and understanding of the systems recommendations, can be used to improve the knowledge base
98
What is forward chaining in a expert system (specifically the inference engine)
it is a type of reasoning
if then else conditions are applied to the available data/facts to generate new data. this process continues until no more rules can be applied or a solution is found
starts at the data and finishes with the conclusion
99
What is backward chaining in a expert system (specifically with the inference engine)
With backward chaining the interface starts with the goal / conclusion that is reached, and works backwards to determine what data or facts support that conclusion
sometimes called goal driven reasoning
100
What is machine learning?
A subset of AI that focuses on building algorithms and models so that computers can learn without explicitly being programmed.
101
What are artificial neural networks? (ANN)
Networks that can learn and are capable of performing tasks that are difficult with conventional computers
Designed to simulate the behaviour of humans brain neural networks, once trained the network can recognize patterns and relationships in data through training.
102
What is fuzzy logic?
It is designed to help computers simulate vagueness and uncertainty in common situations.
Instead of traditional binary logic (true / false), fuzzy logic allows for degrees of truth between 0 and 1.
103
What is contextual computing?
Collecting data and using information to adapt the computer's behaviour and functionality to the user's needs
is capable to perceive the surroundings and offer recommendations based on individual needs and requirements
104
What are genetic algorithms?
They are search algorithms that mimic the process of natural evolution
used to search for the best possible solution to a problem by using mutation, selection, crossover, and chromosome techniques
designed to find the combination of inputs that generate the most desirable outputs
105
What is natural language processing (NLP)?
Programming computers to process and analyze the human language (in text and speech) to understand the meaning of what is being said
enables computers to understand and generate human language
