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final exam comp Flashcards

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1
Q

axial skeleton

A

verterbral column:
cervical vertebrae (first 7)
thoracic (next 12)
lumbar (next 5 bones)
sacrum (next 5)
coccyx (next 4)

pelvis:
illium- 2 bones elephant ear
ischium- 2 bones holes
pubis- 2 bones

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1
Q

appendicualar skeleton

A

upper and lower extermeties
1)clavicle
2) scapula
3) humerus
4) radius and ulna
5) carpals 8 bones each
6) metacarpals 5 bones each
7) phalanges 14 bone each

lower
femur
patella
tibia and fibula
tarsal 7 each
metatasal 5 each
phalnges 14 each

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2
Q

6 general movements of the body

A

flexion
extesion
adduction
abduction
interal rotation
external

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3
Q

Bony articualtions - 3 types of joints

A

diarthrodial joints (synovial joints)

syanthrodial joints (fibrous joints): bones held together by fibrous articulations, allowing for little or no movement ex)skull

amphiarthrodial joint (cartilaginous joints)
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage holds joints together.
little movement
interverterbral discs

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4
Q

types of diarthrodial joints

A

plane/gliding: movements are tern non-axial b/c of 2 flat surfaces gliding over

hinge: allows for flex/ext

pivot: allows for rotation (radioulnar)

condylar: mostly flex/ext (knee)

ellipsoid: flex/ext and add/ab (metacarpophalangeal)

saddle: only in thumb allows for flex/ext and ab/add (carpometacarpal)

ball and socket: allows for motion all 3 planes (hip)

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5
Q

simple compound complex
joints

A

simple: two articulating surfaces -hip
compound: three or more articulating surfaces - wrist
complex: two surfaces with articular disc or fibrocartilage - knee

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6
Q

pelvic girdle

A

The hip regions consist of the pelvic girdle and hip joint.
the pelvic girdle the articulation of the ilium, ischium pubis and sacrum

movements: anterior/posterior tilt, left and right lateral tilt, left/right transverse rotation

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7
Q

hip joint

A

composed of the acetabulofemoral articulation, articulation between the femur and the pelvis

movements: flex/ext, ab/add, int/ext rotation, circumduction

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8
Q

knee joint

A

composed of the tibiofemoral joint, articulation between the femur and tibia

movements: flex/ext int/ext rotation

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9
Q

ankle joints

A

subtalar, talocrual, talonavicular, and calcaneocubid

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10
Q

joints of foot

A

metacarpophalangeal joints: composed of metatarsals and phalanx
interphalangeal joints: composed of distal, intermediate, and proximal phalanges

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11
Q

shoulder girdle

A

scapulothoraic joint- scapula and thorax
acromioclavicular joint: scapula and clavicle
sternoclavicular joint: sternum and clavicle
glenohumeral joint: humerus and scapula

movements: elevation/depression, retraction/protraction, upward/downward rotation, ant/post tilt

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12
Q

elbow joints

A

two major joints
ulnohumeral: ulna and humerus
proximal radioulnar joint: between the radius and ulna

movements: flex/ext, supination/pronation,

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13
Q

wrist joints

A

radiocarpal joint: composed of the radius and proximal row of carpal bones

movements: flexion/extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation

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14
Q

hand joints

A

carpometacarpal joints- consists of the metacarpals and carpal

metacarpophalangeal joints: metacarpals and phalanx

interphalangeal joints: distal, intermediate, and proximal phalanges

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15
Q

Which joint action at the shoulder has the largest force output

A

adduction,
ext,
flex,
abduction

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16
Q

functional muscle group= joint + joint action + ers

A

shoulder extensors
trunk extensors

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17
Q

skeletal muscle and its tissue properties

A

irritability (excitability) allows muscle to respond to stimuli
contractability ability muscle to shorten
extensibility stretches past its normal resting length
elasticity muscle to return to its resting length after stretch removed

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18
Q

functions of the muscle

A

produce movement

maintain posture and positions

stabilize joints

support and protect organs,

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19
Q

muscle attachment propertieds

A

muscles can directly attach to the bone by attaching to the periosteum of bone. periosteum is a think convering on the outside of bone

muscles can attach to bone via a tendon

Muscles can also attach to bone via an aponeurosis.
aponeurosis is a fibrous connective sheath

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20
Q

muscle fiber architecture (types)

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A

fusiform/parallel: long and thin, the fiber force is in the same direction as the musculature
provide greater ROM and greater movement velocity

pennate: run diagonally with respect to essential tendon, running the length of the muscel (greater cross sectional area)
short and thick
greater force production in movements

21
Q

two ways muscle cross joints

Study These Flashcards
A

uniarticular- cross only one joint, adv is it can contribute to every part of it to the intended joint actions without becoming a opponent
majority of the muscle

multiarticular: muscle that can cross multiple joints

advantages: transfer mechanical energy betweens segments
redistribute loads placed upon joint

disadvantage: passive insufficiency (inability for muscle to lengthen) and active insufficiency (inability for muscle to shorten)

22
Q

muscle structure

Study These Flashcards
A

each muscle connects to bone via tendon or aponeurosis.

within the muscle, the fibres are bundled into fasicles

each fibre contains myofibril stands that run the length of the fibre

the actual contractile unit is the sacromere.

23
Q

mechanical model of muscle (3 components)

Study These Flashcards
A

contractile component (CC)
this converts the stimulation of the nervous system into a force and refelcts the shortening of the muscle through the actin and myosin

series elastic component (SEC): Represents all elastic elements in series
parallel elastic component (PEC): muscle displays elasticity when the CC is not producing force, hence there is an elastic component parallel to the CC

24
muscle considerations
attachment sites and the line of pull joint angle muscle fibre architecture fibre type contractile components force/velocity reltationships
25
how to find velocity graph from position
the slope the local extremum (where the curve changes direction) at the local extremum the slope is 0 sign of position slope determines + or - velocity when person changes direction of walking, velocity = 0. when approaching direction changes, velocity becomes less
26
graphing acceleration from velocity graph
slope and local extrema when the velocity graph changes slope , the acceleration changes sign (positive on top negative below ) +slope velocity= poa acceleration -slope vel= - accel positive direction: positive accel= inc velocity negative accel= dec velocity negative direction postive accel= dec velocity negative accel= inc velocity
27
absolute vs relative angle what they are and how to calucate them
absolute: angle of the trunk is calculated with respect to the vertical plane use tan to calculate distal segments are subtracted from proximal relative: angle of the trunk is calculated is called with respect to th eknee, hip, and torso calculated using cosine there is a formual for it before the formula you find the sides of each triangle first ex) a,b,c
28
planes and their axis
sagittal plane = mediallateral frontal plane= = anterior-posterior axis transverse plane= longitudinal axis
29
right hand rule positive vector for knee, ankle, and hip
counter clockwise = positive Clockwise = negative place the curled fingers of the right hand in the direction of the roation/the angular motion vectors. hip: positive to the right knee: positive to the left ankle: right
30
angular distance vs angular displacement
angular distance= sumof all angular changes angular displacement different between the final and initial positions
31
angular displacement and linear displacement
angular displacemnt is always in rad its the one you usually calculate. linear displacement: has the formula arc length use the angular displacement to calculate it and the radius
32
newtons three laws of motion
1) law of inertia - The body will remain at rest or conitnue to move with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force inertia: used to describe an object's resistance to motion and is directly related to mass inc mass= inc inertia 2) law of acceleration f= ma unit of force is in newtons (N) a force applied to a body causes acceleration is the direction of the net force and inversely proportional to the bodys mass 3) action/reaction for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. ex) jumping off the ground - Individuals exert force on earth/ground earth/ground exerts force on the individual
33
momentum impulse
momentum: p= m x v or change in momentum is just the force formula manipulated impulse: product of a force and the time interval over which a force acts I= f x t or I=change in momentum
34
main types of force
gravity ground reaction force friction fluid resistance joint reaction forces inertial forces muscle force elastic force
35
coefficient of friction
unitless number indicates the relative ease of sliding greater coefficient = harder to slide (carpet, concrete) less coefficient = easy to slide (ice, water) golfer wants higher well hockey players want less
36
fluid resistance
air resistance water resistance both greatly affected by two components: density viscosity
37
acceleration when velocity is constant or not moving
0
38
energy two main types what is total energy o9
kinetic: refers to the energy resulting from motion potential: refers to the capacity to do work because of position or form. total energy= KE + PE
39
COM important for
stability: resistance to linear and/or angular acceleration balance: ability to control equilibrium. in order to balance, the athlete's COM must be located within the support base
40
principles of stability how to improve it
increase body mass increase the friction between the body and contact surface increase the size of the support base in the direction of the line of action of the external force horizontally position the COM near the edge of the support base on the side of the oncoming external force. vertically positioning COM as low as possible think football
41
moment of inertia
describes angular inertia an object's resistance to change in angular momentum represents the resistance to angular acceleration based on both mass and the distance the mass is distributed from the axis of rotation harder to speed up or slow down an object with more angular inertia
42
angular momentum
linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity. angular momentum is the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body units: kgm2/s measured as the product of moment inertia and angular velcocity
43
angular equivalent of accleration net torque
ΣT = Iα * ΣT = net torque on a system * I = moment of inertia of a system * α = angular acceleration An external torque produces an angular acceleration of a body that is proportional to and in the direction of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the body
44
angular equilvalent for action reaction is torque/reactive torque
45
when force is applied at the axis of rotation
the object will not rotate (no torque)
46
torque in the human body
the product of muscle tension and muscle moment arm produces torque at the joint crossed by the muscle moment arm for a muscle is the perpendicular distance from the muscle line of action to the joint center. moment arm for a muscle will change as the segment moves through ROM
47
levers components
axis/fulcrum A - axis of rotation of the system - Rotation will occur around the fulcrum. force applied F amount of force applied to the lever used to rotate some resistance around the fulcrum resistance: weight- what you try to move amount applied to the lever system that opposes force applied
48
levers in the human boduy
joint- axis rotation (fulcrom) bones= rigid segement that rotates about an axis of rotation hold, push, pull on the object muscles= contract to apply force to the system cause (concentric), control (eccentric), or prevcent (isometric) movement of the joints weight/load is the resistance
49
classes of levers
first class lever arrangement F/A/R function-balance 2 forces and changes direction of applied force ex) cervical spine and cranium, force is applied by the neck extensors, vertebrae is axis, weight of the head is the resitance second-class lever arrangement A/R/F function- fabors force production because the force arm will always be greater than the resistance arm. ex wheel barrow in bidy would be talocrual joint third class arrangemetn R/F/A function favor speed and range of motion most common in body humeroulnar, tiniofemoral, and coxofemoral joints force is applied by muscle. axis is joint center, resistance is distal segment
50

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