Final Exam Content Flashcards by Joy Lee

Some safe rules of foraging

Trying one wild food at a time
avoid plants with leaves that grow in groups of three
Avoid plants with a strong disagreeable odor
don’t assum that if an animal eats something, it isn’t poisonous to humans

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Centers for conservation and research

Botanical Gardens

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In situ

Plant species managed and monitored in natural habitats

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Ex situ

plant species curated outside of natural habitats

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Seed banking

the most efficient way to safeguard species

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Crops that have suffered a great loss in genetic diversity

Brighamia Insignis
Quercus
Cycads

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Metacollections

The combined holdings of a group of collections; envisioned as common resources help by separate
institutions but stewarded collaboratively for research and conservation purposes.

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Nikolai Vavilov

Concept of Crop Center of Origin: geographical area where a group of plants were first domesticated

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Swann Report, 1969

“We have concluded that
the administration of
antibiotics to farm
livestock, particularly at
sub-therapeutic levels,
poses certain hazards to
human and animal health”

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Gene Banks

Provides opportunities for research, education, and public awareness, while also serving as “insurance populations” for species at risk of extinction

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Keystone Species

shape the cultural identity of a people in diet, materials,
medicine, and/or spiritual practices

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Bioaccumulation

accumulation of chemicals /
pollutants in living organisms over time. Where the rate of absorption exceeds rate of metabolism and excretion.

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Biomonitoring

the systematic
measurement of
compounds and/or
detection of cell or cell
molecules alterations in
living organisms with the
purpose of identifying or
assessing potential
hazardous exposure and
effects to chemicals

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Environmental Stewardship

THE RESPONSIBLE USE
AND PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES BY INDIVIDUALS.

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Dysbiosis

an imbalance in the microbial community, associated with negative health outcomes like gut inflammation and various diseases

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Gnotobiotic

denotes an environment for rearing or culturing organisms in which all the microorganisms are either known or excluded

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Gut inflammation

inflammation of gut lining; often associated with dysbiosis and other gastrointestinal diseases

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Microbiota

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that inhabit a specific environment, liek the human gut

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Microbiome

the genetic material of the microbiota, encompassing all the microbial genes present in a given environment

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Probiotic

Live organisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body

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True or False: A gnotobiotic model always involves the use of gut probiotic organisms.

False

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Entomophagy

the practice of eating insects

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Sustainable agriculture

agricultural practices that meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs

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True or False: the consumption of insects by humans constitutes a major source of nutrition, and these foods are eaten in more than 130 countries across the globe

True

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Which of the following insects are not edible for humans? - water bug - termine - caterpillar - silk worm - meal worm

none: all are edible

Which of the following apply to insect cultivation - requires little space - uses by-products of various crops - produces many generations every year - can provide many socioeconomic benefits as an agricultural industry, including labor absorption, supply of the domestic market, attraction of foreign currencies, and raising the living standard of rural populations - shows good efficiency and conversion and can quickly transform their feed to weight increase

- requires little space - uses by-products of various crops - produces many generations every year - can provide many socioeconomic benefits as an agricultural industry, including labor absorption, supply of the domestic market, attraction of foreign currencies, and raising the living standard of rural populations - shows good efficiency and conversion and can quickly transform their feed to weight increase

Gorani

A people that utilize TEK to identify and harvest wild foods for fermentation, food, and medicine

Pantelleria, Italy

TEK loss can lead to decreased food security, loss of detail in plants used in spiritual healing

Rua chalapensis

plants used in spiritual healing, in Pantelleria, Italy

The four core dimensions of food security

1. food access (physical and economic) 2. food utilization 3. stability over time 4. food accessibility

True or false: between 1969 and 2014, in the Kamma community of Italy, plant-based traditions related to hunting and fishing largely disappeared from local practice

True

_____ is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems 1. food accessibility 2. food sovereignty 3. food security 4. food stability

Food sovereignty

Urban Food Desert causes

- lack of supermarkets - low-income populations - transportation barriers

True or false: Community gardens can be tailored to community needs, resources, and experience

True

Farmer challenges include: minimal financial support, environmental factors, mechanical resources, land access, healthy soil access, finding a profitable market, keeping food affordable

minimal financial support, environmental factors, mechanical resources, land access, healthy soil access, finding a profitable market, keeping food affordable

Which of the following are benefits of gardening? improving health providing cultural services fostering healing and transformation reducing risk for infectious disease producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful quantities

improving health providing cultural services fostering healing and transformation producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful quantities

3 Pillars of food engineering

1. "bliss point" for sugar 2. "mouth feel" for fat 3. "flavor burst" for salt

Calamus and Cinnamylanthranilate

two natural and artificial flavors banned by the FDA

Vavilov 8 Crop Centers of Origin

1. The South Mexican and Central American Center 2. South American Andes region - The Chilean Center - Brazilian-Paraguayan Center 3. the Mediterranean Center 4. Asia Minor 5. The Abyssinian 6. Inner Asiatic Center 7. The Indian Center - The Indo-Malayan Center 8. Chinese Center

Major crops of this center: Maize, Phaseolus, and Curubitaceae species - maize, common bean, winter pumpkin, sweet potato, pepper, papaya, cherry tomato, cacao

South Mexican and Central American Center

Major crops of this center: Andean potato, tomato, pepper, cocoa

South American Andes Regionj

only 4 species, Solanum tuberosum. Common potato, strawberry

Chilean Center

Manihot (cassava), arachis (peanut), manioc, pineapple, brazil nut

Brazillian Paraguayan Center

Durum Wheat, spelt, flax, olive, garden beet, cabbage, celery, thyme, peppermint, hop

The Mediterranean Center

Durum wheat, rye, fig, pomegranate, apple, cherry

Asia Minor

Barely, pearl millet, cowpea, sesame, coffee, okra

The Abyssinian

lentils, chickpea, mustard, hemp, pear, grape, apple

Inner Asiatic Center

rice, mung bean, eggplant, cucumber, mango, tamarind, sugar cane, black pepper, indigo

Indian Center

buckwheat, apricot, opium poppy, ginseng

Chinese Center

"Evolution of domesticates is promoted by the factors of varied microclimate, aspect, altitude, restricted habitats and human selection, which are all present in the intertropical mountain zones of the Old and New Worlds"

Vavilov

"Such a a wide range of natural and human selection pressures is not available to the same degree of intensity in other world regions"

Vavilov

Teosinate to corn Sorghum

Domesticated crops that experiences high protein and lysine content before domestication

True or False: specialized foods are used for women's health across many cultures, especially at times of childbirth and menstruation

true

the way that meat is prepared is also associated with gender in many cultures. for example, men boil meat in the home among the Iteso of Kenya, whereas women most commonly roast meat outside of the home

false: men are tasked with outdoor roasting of meats in this culture

Meat centered meals, arepas, cassava, ground beef with chorizo, red beans, fried egg, rice, fried plantains, etc.

festival foods

Prosforon

a bread offering in Greek Orthodox Eastern Practices

Blumea balsamifera and amomum spp

plant species used for steam sauna

Cold water infusion of roots of a shrub Restricted to men in past Muscle relaxant properties

Kava/ Sakau - Piper methysticum

- Native to Ethiopia, fresh leaves and shoots chewed by men - Used to treat feaver, headache, depression, body pain, colds, Cathinone (alkaloid) is similar to amphetamine – gives sensation of well-being & excitement, followed by insomnia, depression, anxiety – Highly addictive – Risk factor for esophogeal cancer & duodenal cancer

Khat – Catha edulis

- Water infusion/ decoction of leaves and small stems - Stimulant properties, benefit of anti-inflammatory and diuretic - Has been linked to cancers of head and neck

Mate – llex paraguarensis

- Native to Mesoamerica - Important in ancient ritual and ceremony for Maya - drinking came after the meal, like tobacco smoking - Became popular in Europe in 1500s

Cacao – Theobroma cacao

- >5,000 years old in China - Part of British and Dutch colonial expansion - Rich in flavonoids, cancer protective, tannin content can bind iron and reduce absorption

Tea – Camellia sinensis

- Seed of the Areca palm - Social practice - Impacts CNS - Habit forming

Betel – Areca catechu

-Chewed raw -Native to west Africa, masticatory -One of the few stimulants permitted for devout muslims -Islamic medicine: stomachache, sore throat, nausea, sexual dysfunction, headache, sore gums, sore limbs

Kola nut – Cola acuminata & C. nitida

Which of the following would not be considered a social plant food? - coffee - rice - khat - beer

rice

Slow Food Principles

GOOD, CLEAN, FAIR

Slow Food Initiatives

- preserve biodiversity - food and taste education - international events

PLU codes - conventionally grown - organically grown - genetically modified

conventionally grown: 4 digits organically grown: 5 digits starting with #9 Genetically modified: 5 digits starting with #8

plants or animals whose DNA has been altered

GMOs

Final Exam Content Flashcards

(69 cards)