Final Exam (Cumulative)

Question 1

What causes earthquakes (aftershocks,
foreshocks)

Answer 1

Plate tectonics

Question 2

What causes a Tsunami

Answer 2

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, space object impacts, landslides

Question 3

What causes Volcanic eruptions

Answer 3

Earth cooling, plate tectonics

Question 4

What causes Mass Wasting (types: landslides, slumps, slurries, creep, sediment flows,
debris flow, earthflows, lahar, solifluction, volcanic debris avalanche, rock fall)

Answer 4

GRAVITY, earthquakes, volcanism, inundation/extreme precipitation

Question 5

What causes Severe Weather & Storms (lightning, thunderstorms, downbursts)

Answer 5

Atmospheric air circulation, air mass
sources, warm ocean water, low
pressure systems

Question 6

What causes Tornados & Waterspouts

Answer 6

Large temperature/humidity differences in atmosphere

Question 7

What causes Hurricanes & tropical storms

Answer 7

Atmospheric air circulation, warm ocean water evaporation, Coriolis effect & shear winds

Question 8

What causes floods

Answer 8

Heavy rains, storm surges, impermeable surfaces (reduced infiltration), snow & ice melt, failed levees and dams

Question 9

What causes drought

Answer 9

Atmospheric air circulation, air mass sources, high pressure systems

Question 10

What causes wildfires

Answer 10

lightning, humans, climate change
(drought)

Question 11

What causes Asteroid/Comet Impacts

Answer 11

Space objects gravitationally attracted to Earth

Question 12

What causes Extinctions

Answer 12

CLIMATE CHANGE: Space object impacts, volcanism, ozone layer depletion, clathrate release, supernova, sea level change, plate
tectonics, change in ocean circulation, new plants, disease, procreation problems (egg
shells/fertility), food competition, predation

Question 13

What causes Population Growth

Answer 13

Human innovations, high birth rate, low death rate

Question 14

What causes Clathrate Releases

Answer 14

Global Warming

Question 15

What causes Pandemics

Answer 15

Evolution of infectious agents

Question 16

What causes Geomagnetic Reversal/Pole Shift

Answer 16

Natural magnetic shield processes

Question 17

What causes Solar Flares/Storms/ CMEs

Answer 17

Natural part of star processes releasing
energy

Question 18

What causes Supernova & Gamma Ray Burst

Answer 18

Star Death

Question 19

What causes Planet Death

Answer 19

Star Death &/or galaxy collision

Question 20

What are the effects/associated hazards of Earthquakes (aftershocks, foreshocks)

Answer 20

ground shaking, liquefaction, seiches, tsunami, landslides, ground subsidence, fire

Question 21

What are the effects/associated hazards of Tsunamis

Answer 21

Flooding, mass wasting, erosion, deposition

Question 22

What are the effects/associated hazards of Volcanic eruptions

Answer 22

flood basalts, earthquakes, tsunamis, lava flow, lava dome, volcanic debris avalanche, pyroclastic ash cloud, ash fall, volcanic bombs, pyroclastic flow, lahar, fumaroles, acidification, limnic eruption, global climate change

Question 23

What are the effects/associated hazards of Mass Wasting (types: landslides, slumps, slurries, creep, sediment flows, debris flow, earthflows, lahar, solifluction, volcanic debris avalanche, rock fall)

Answer 23

Fire, vegetation removal, earthquakes, heavy rains, liquefaction, over steepening, deposition, erosion, subsidence

Question 24

What are the effects/associated hazards of Severe Weather & Storms (lightning, thunderstorms, downbursts)

Answer 24

Fire, precipitation, hail, flooding, winds, lightning, tornados, waterspouts

Question 25

What are the effects/associated hazards of Tornados & Waterspouts

Answer 25

Winds, rainfall, flooding, hail, flying debris

Question 26

What are the effects/associated hazards of Hurricanes & tropical storms

Answer 26

Wind, rainfall, flooding (storm surge), tornadoes, waterspouts

Question 27

What are the effects/associated hazards of Floods

Answer 27

Erosion, deposition, can occur quickly or slowly, mass wasting

Question 28

What are the effects/associated hazards of Drought

Answer 28

Wildfires, water shortages, famine, heat waves

Question 29

What are the effects/associated hazards of Wildfires

Answer 29

Mass wasting & erosion

Question 30

What are the effects/associated hazards of Asteroid/Comet Impacts

Answer 30

Dust & steam, sum dimming, fire, acid rain, tsunamis, decrease in oxygen levels in seawater, severe storms, hypothetical hypercanes, ozone layer destruction, short-term global warming, long-term global cooling, earthquakes

Question 31

What are the effects/associated hazards of Extinctions

Answer 31

Ecosystem collapse, climate change

Question 32

What are the effects/associated hazards of Population Growth

Answer 32

Increased pollution, change in atmospheric composition, war, famine, epidemics & pandemics, genocide, carrying capacity, environmental collapse, possible extinction

Question 33

What are the effects/associated hazards of Clathrate Releases

Answer 33

Tsunamis, atmospheric warming, fire balls in the atmosphere

Question 34

What are the effects/associated hazards of Pandemics

Answer 34

Death and extinction

Question 35

What are the effects/associated hazards of Geomagnetic Reversal/Pole Shift

Answer 35

Solar radiation exposure

Question 36

What are the effects/associated hazards of Solar Flares/Storms/ CMEs

Answer 36

Low latitude auroras, exposure to high radiation, damage/destruction of satellites/electric grid, damage to electronic data & storage

Question 37

What are the effects/associated hazards of Supernova & Gamma Ray Burst

Answer 37

Huge amounts of radiation, ozone layer depletion, mass extinction

Question 38

What are the effects/associated hazards of Planet Death

Answer 38

Mass extinction