Final Exam Deck 1 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What is development?
A
Changes across life — physical, thinking, social, emotional.
2
Q
What shapes development?
A
Nature (genes) + Nurture (environment).
3
Q
Stages of development?
A
Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adult, Adulthood, Old Age.
4
Q
When does development start?
A
At conception.
5
Q
What are teratogens?
A
Harmful things that hurt a baby in the womb (like alcohol, drugs).
6
Q
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
A
Damage from alcohol before birth.
7
Q
What happened in the Thalidomide Crisis?
A
A drug caused babies to have missing limbs.
8
Q
Key infant reflexes?
A
Sucking, grasping, rooting, blinking.
9
Q
What senses work at birth?
A
Taste, smell, touch, hearing, some sight.
10
Q
What is attachment?
A
Emotional bond with caregiver for safety.
11
Q
Who studied attachment first?
A
Bowlby.
12
Q
What was Harlow’s monkey study?
A
Babies prefer comfort (soft mom) over food.
13
Q
What did Ainsworth’s Strange Situation test?
A
Attachment style (secure, avoidant, ambivalent).
14
Q
What is secure attachment?
A
Comfort exploring + happy when caregiver returns.
15
Q
What is avoidant attachment?
A
Avoids caregiver, no big feelings about them.
16
Q
What is ambivalent attachment?
A
Very upset when caregiver leaves, not comforted when back.
17
Q
Causes of insecure attachment?
A
Abuse, neglect, abandonment, bad parenting, stressful life.
18
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
Sensorimotor — object permanence.
19
Q
Preoperational Stage
A
Pre-operational — symbols, egocentrism, centration.
20
Q
Concrete Operations Stage
A
Concrete operations — conservation skills.
21
Q
Formal Operations Stage
A
Formal operations — abstract thinking.
22
Q
What is assimilation?
A
Fitting new info into what you already know.
23
Q
What is accommodation?
A
Changing your ideas to fit new info.
24
Q
What is separation anxiety?
A
Babies upset when separated from caregivers (6–9 months).
25
What happened with Romanian orphans?
Lack of care caused delays, but many improved with love.
26
What is helicopter parenting?
Overprotective parenting that stops independence.
27
What is autonomy support parenting?
Letting kids make choices with some boundaries.
28
What is adolescence?
Puberty to adulthood.
29
Why did adolescence get longer?
Less child labor + more schooling.
30
How is adolescence seen in media?
Often as chaotic and dramatic.
31
What are social norms?
Rules regulating social life (explicit = laws, implicit = social expectations).
32
What are social roles?
Expected behaviors for a given position (e.g., student, parent).
33
What are cultural differences in social norms?
Conversational distance and dating scripts vary across cultures.
34
In attraction, who is active and who is reactive?
Males are active; females are reactive.
35
What is the mere-exposure effect?
We like people we see frequently (e.g., girl next door).
36
What is the similarity principle (homophily)?
We are drawn to those similar to ourselves.
37
Why is physical attractiveness important?
Symmetry and clear skin are universally attractive and help form relationships.
38
What is the evolutionary perspective on attraction?
Mating preferences focus on reproduction and resources.
39
What is reinforcement theory in attraction?
We like people who reward us (e.g., high-earning partners).
40
What is the scarcity effect?
People value rare items more.
41
What is the reciprocity effect?
Feeling obligated to return a favor.
42
What is social proof?
People conform by copying what others do.
43
What did Asch’s conformity experiment show?
People adopt group behaviors even when they know it’s wrong.
44
What did Milgram’s obedience experiment show?
People obey authority even when it goes against personal morals.
45
What are attitudes?
Beliefs and feelings about people, groups, or ideas (implicit = unconscious, explicit = conscious).
46
What are stereotypes?
Generalized beliefs about a group.
47
What is prejudice?
Biased thoughts or feelings toward a group.
48
What is discrimination?
Acting unfairly toward a group based on prejudice.
49
What is the validity effect?
Believing something is true just because it’s repeated.
50
What is deindividuation?
Losing self-awareness in a group, leading to atypical behavior.
51
What is diffusion of responsibility?
People feel less responsible when others are around (bystander effect).
52
What is altruism?
Selfless concern for others without expecting rewards.
53
What is the Trust vs. Mistrust stage? (0–1.5 years)
Key conflict: Trust caregivers to meet needs.
Positive outcome: Sense of safety and trust in the world.
54
What is the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage? (1.5–3 years)
Key conflict: Learn independence (walking, choosing, toilet training).
Positive outcome: Confidence and self-control.
55
What is the Initiative vs. Guilt stage? (3–6 years)
Key conflict: Take initiative in activities and social interactions.
Positive outcome: Sense of purpose and ability to lead.
56
What is the Industry vs. Inferiority stage? (6–12 years)
Key conflict: Develop skills through school and work.
Positive outcome: Pride in achievements and competence.
57
What is the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage? (12–18 years)
Key conflict: Explore personal identity and values.
Positive outcome: Strong sense of self and personal direction.
58
What is the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage? (18–40 years)
Key conflict: Form close, loving relationships.
Positive outcome: Deep bonds and emotional intimacy.
59
What is the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage? (40–65 years)
Key conflict: Contribute to society and help the next generation.
Positive outcome: Sense of usefulness and accomplishment.
60
What is the Ego Integrity vs. Despair stage? (65+ years)
Key conflict: Reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
Positive outcome: Sense of wisdom, peace, and acceptance.
61
What is culture?
Shared beliefs, values, and customs that guide how people think, feel, and act.
62
How is culture passed from one generation to another?
Through language and socialization practices.
63
Do two people experience culture the same way?
No, every person’s experience of culture is unique.
64
What is culture shock?
Feeling confused or overwhelmed when entering a new cultural environment.
65
What does cross-cultural psychology study?
Differences and similarities between different social groups.
66
What is collectivism?
Focusing on family and group goals before personal goals.
67
What is individualism?
Focusing on personal achievements over group needs.
68
Give examples of collectivist cultures.
China, Korea, Japan.
69
Give examples of individualist cultures.
Canada, USA, France.
70
How do individualists describe themselves?
By personal traits, like 'I am smart' or 'I am creative.'
71
How do collectivists describe themselves?
By relationships or roles, like 'I am a daughter' or 'I am part of my community.'
72
What is the big tension in Canadian culture?
Balancing cultural diversity with national unity.
73
What is personality?
Your consistent way of thinking, feeling, and behaving over time.
74
What are personality traits?
Regular patterns in how you behave, think, and feel.
75
What shows evidence of personality?
Consistency, stability over time, and individual differences.
76
Who created psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
77
What is the Id?
The part of you that wants instant pleasure — 'I want it now!'
78
What is the Ego?
The rational part that balances desires with reality.
79
What is the Superego?
Your conscience — the voice of morality and social rules.
80
What makes a healthy personality according to Freud?
A good balance between the Id, Ego, and Superego.
81
What happens when the Id is too strong?
You act selfishly, impulsively, and without thinking.
82
What happens when the Superego is too strong?
You become rigid, overly moral, and guilt-ridden.
83
What happens when the Ego is weak?
You struggle to manage desires and reality, leading to confusion and instability.
84
What are defense mechanisms?
Tricks your mind uses to protect itself from anxiety.
85
What is repression?
Hiding painful thoughts from your awareness.
86
What is projection?
Blaming others for feelings you secretly have yourself.
87
What is displacement?
Taking out emotions on a safer target (like yelling at a sibling instead of your boss).
88
What is regression?
Reverting to earlier stage of development
89
What is denial?
Refusing to accept a painful reality.
90
What is a projective personality test?
A test that shows hidden feelings by using pictures or stories (like the Rorschach Inkblots).
91
What’s the problem with projective tests?
They’re slow, subjective, and not very reliable.
92
What are the Big Five personality traits?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
93
What does Openness mean?
Being creative and open to new ideas.
94
What does Conscientiousness mean?
Being organized, careful, and responsible.
95
What does Extraversion mean?
Being outgoing and energized by others.
96
What does Agreeableness mean?
Being kind, sympathetic, and cooperative.
97
What does Neuroticism mean?
Being sensitive and prone to negative emotions like anxiety.
98
Is personality completely genetic?
No, it’s a mix of genetics and life experiences.
99
What is a Mental Disorder?
A medical condition causing persistent and significant disturbance in thinking, emotion, mood, or behavior that causes suffering, self-harm, disrupts life, or endangers others.
100
What is Insanity in legal terms?
"Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder" (NCRMD); person couldn’t understand what they did or know it was wrong.
101
How common is the NCRMD defense?
Very rare (<1% of cases); successful about 25% of the time; people are usually detained longer than regular criminals.
102
What is the Vulnerability-Stress Model?
Mental illness develops when personal vulnerabilities (like genetics) interact with stressful life events.
103
What is Resilience?
Many people with mental illness live meaningful, happy, connected lives. It’s the ability to thrive despite challenges.
104
What is DSM-5?
The handbook used by clinicians to diagnose mental disorders; lists over 20 major categories like Anxiety, Depression, Schizophrenia.
105
How do clinicians diagnose mental disorders?
Interviews, observing behavior, and psychological tests (projective tests like inkblots, or objective tests like inventories).
106
What is Anxiety Disorder?
Disorders where fear, worry, or uneasiness are extreme or not connected to real danger.
107
What is Panic Disorder?
Sudden, intense fear attacks, with heart racing, dizziness, feeling like you're dying — caused by misinterpreting bodily sensations.
108
What is a Specific Phobia?
An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.
109
How do people develop phobias?
Evolutionary survival instincts, classical conditioning (learned fear like Little Albert), or watching others (observational learning).
110
What is Agoraphobia?
Fear of places or situations where escape might be hard — often triggered by a past panic attack.
111
Which disorders are portrayed most in movies?
Antisocial Personality Disorder (23%) and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (19%).
112
What are the goals of treating mental disorders?
Improve life quality, reduce distress, disrupt harmful patterns, and promote growth.
113
What are the three main approaches to treatment?
Biomedical (medications, brain intervention)
Psychological (talk therapies)
Social (changing environment, group therapies).
114
What is Trepanation?
Ancient brain surgery — drilling a hole in the skull to "release evil spirits" or treat mental illness.
115
What was Insulin Coma Therapy?
Giving large insulin doses to induce comas for weeks — a 1920s treatment for mental illness.
116
What is a Lobotomy?
Cutting connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex to "calm" patients — invented by Dr. Moniz (Nobel Prize).
117
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
Passing electric currents through the brain to trigger seizures — used mainly for severe depression (about 85% success).
118
What was the "Drug Era" in psychiatry?
The 1950s onward — discovery of medications like Thorazine led to fewer people in psychiatric hospitals.
119
What do Antipsychotics treat?
Hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia by blocking dopamine.
120
What do Antidepressants treat?
Depression and anxiety by changing serotonin or norepinephrine levels (e.g., Prozac, Zoloft).
121
What do Mood Stabilizers treat?
Bipolar disorder — controlling extreme highs and lows (e.g., Lithium).
122
What do Psychostimulants treat?
ADHD — improving focus and reducing hyperactivity (e.g., Ritalin).
123
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Using magnetic pulses to stimulate underactive brain areas — used in depression.
124
What is Psychosurgery?
Surgical removal or destruction of brain tissue to treat severe disorders (only as a last resort).
125
What is Psychotherapy?
Talking-based professional treatment to uncover and resolve mental conflicts or distress.
126
What are the four major types of psychotherapy?
1. Psychodynamic (uncover unconscious issues)
2. Humanistic (focus on growth and self-esteem)
3. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (change thoughts and behaviors)
4. Eclectic (mix of therapies).
127
What is Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy?
Using psychedelics (like psilocybin) to treat resistant mental illnesses — new but promising research area.
128
What is a paradigm in science?
A model of assumptions and research methods for studying phenomena.
129
What is the Biological Perspective in psychology?
Focuses on how bodily events like brain activity, hormones, and genetics influence behavior and emotions.
130
What is the Psychodynamic Perspective?
Emphasizes unconscious thoughts, feelings, and childhood experiences (Freud).
131
What is the Learning Perspective?
Focuses on how environment and experience shape behavior through rewards, punishments, and learning.
132
What is the Humanistic Perspective?
Emphasizes human growth, free will, consciousness, and striving toward self-actualization.
133
What is the Cognitive Perspective?
Focuses on mental processes like thinking, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
134
What is the Sociocultural Perspective?
Focuses on how culture and social environments influence behavior and mental processes.
135
What is the Evolutionary Perspective?
Examines how evolution and natural selection influence behavior and mental traits.
136
What are the three parts of Freud’s model of consciousness?
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious.
137
What is Psychology?
The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, and how they are influenced by physical state, mental state, and environment.
138
What is Psychobabble?
Pseudoscience or 'fake' psychology that uses scientific-sounding language without real evidence.
139
What is empirical evidence?
Concrete, verifiable evidence gathered through systematic observation, experimentation, or measurement.
140
What challenges make psychology difficult to study?
Individual differences, multiple causes (multiple determinism), and limited insight into causes of behavior.
141
What is the aim of psychology?
To understand, predict, and influence human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
142
What are levels of explanation in psychology?
Lower (biological), middle (personal/interpersonal), and higher (social/cultural) levels.
143
What do research psychologists do?
They use scientific methods to create new knowledge about behavior.
144
What do psychologist-practitioners (clinicians) do?
They use research to improve people's lives through therapy or intervention.
145
What is basic research?
Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
146
What is applied research?
Research that investigates real-world problems and finds practical solutions.
147
What is the scientific method?
A set of rules and procedures for conducting research: systematic, empirical, objective, and replicable.
148
What is a theory?
An organized set of principles that explains and predicts many observations.
149
What makes a good theory?
General, parsimonious (simple), falsifiable.
150
What is a hypothesis?
A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
151
What is an operational definition?
A precise definition of how a concept is measured or observed in a study.
152
What is descriptive research?
Research that describes behaviors or thoughts (case studies, observational studies, surveys).
153
What is a correlational study?
Research that examines relationships between variables but does not prove causality.
154
What is an experiment?
Research where one variable is manipulated to observe its effects on another variable.
155
What is the difference between a population and a sample?
Population = the whole group of interest; Sample = a subset studied.
156
What are descriptive statistics?
Numbers that summarize data (mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation).
157
What is the mean?
The average score in a distribution.
158
What is the median?
The middle score in a distribution.
159
What is the mode?
The most frequently occurring score in a distribution.
160
What is standard deviation?
A measure of how much scores vary around the mean.
161
What is emotion?
A mental and physiological feeling state that directs attention and guides behavior.
162
What are the three components of emotion?
Biological capacity, cognitive processes, sociocultural shaping.
163
What are primary emotions?
Universal, biologically-based emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise.
164
What are secondary emotions?
Emotions that depend on cognitive development and cultural rules (e.g., pride, shame, guilt).
165
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences (e.g., smiling makes you feel happier).
166
What role does the brain play in emotion?
Specific brain structures like the amygdala and frontal cortex process emotions.
167
What is the two-factor theory of emotion (Schachter and Singer)?
Emotion comes from physical arousal plus cognitive interpretation.
168
What is misattribution of arousal?
Incorrectly labeling physical arousal as coming from the wrong source (e.g., Capilano Bridge Study).
169
What is motivation?
A driving force that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior.
170
How are emotion and motivation linked?
Both involve bodily arousal and direct behavior toward goals.
171
What are mirror neurons?
Brain cells that fire when we perform an action and when we see someone else perform the same action.
172
How does culture influence emotions?
Different cultures provoke different emotions and emotional expressions.
173
What is stress?
A negative emotional and physiological process that occurs when a person perceives an imbalance between demands and their ability to cope.
174
What is eustress?
Positive stress that can motivate you to accomplish goals.
175
What is episodic stress?
Repeated and regular exposure to stressors.
176
What is anxiety?
Stress without a clear stressor; persistent feelings of worry, tension, and fear.
177
What is the HPA axis?
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis; a system that controls stress response by releasing cortisol.
178
What is oxytocin’s role in stress?
Oxytocin promotes social bonding and can buffer the effects of stress.
179
What is the STOP method for managing stress?
Stop, Take a breath, Observe your feelings, Proceed mindfully.
180
Why are humans called 'social animals'?
Humans naturally seek out social connections and altruistic acts (helping others) can reduce our stress.
