Final exam deck

Question 1

The background factors (i.e., Wilson’s clear preference to support Britain and ignoring the British naval blockade on Germany) and the immediate sequence of events that caused the United States to declare war on Germany in 1917.

Answer 1

The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
How did the British blockade of Germany actually bring the neutral Americans closer to the Allies? It increased America’s economic ties with the Allies because British blockade of Germany caused American trade with the Central Powers to virtually cease.

Question 2

The scale and nature of the fighting in World War I including especially the impact of new technologies of warfare.

Answer 2

World War I popularized the use of the machine gun—capable of bringing down row after row of soldiers from a distance on the battlefield. This weapon, along with barbed wire and mines, made movement across open land both difficult and dangerous. Thus trench warfare was born.

Question 3

The contributions of the American military to Allied victory in World War I.

Answer 3

The American Expeditionary Forces arrived in Europe in 1917 and helped turn the tide in favor of Britain and France, leading to an Allied victory over Germany and Austria in November 1918.
American divisions were usually employed to augment French and British units in defending their lines and in staging attacks on German positions.

Question 4

The extent of government control of the economy during World War I.

Answer 4

As part of the war effort, the U.S. government also attempted to guide economic activity via centralized price and production controls administered by the War Industries Board, the Food Administration, and the Fuel Administration.

Question 5

Propaganda and the extent of war hysteria in the United States during World War I –e.g., Cohan’s song, “Over There.”

Answer 5

Soldiers would sing songs in the trenches or while marching to keep their spirits up, and many times on the Western Front, marching bands would accompany the troops. Not only was music used to boost morale, it was also used as a sneaky way of complaining about the war and the conditions they were currently in. Over There” is a 1917 song written by George M. Cohan that was popular with the United States military and public during both world wars. It is a patriotic song designed to excite American young men to enlist and fight the “Hun”. The song is best remembered for a line in its chorus: “The Yanks are coming.”

Question 6

The aspirations that the war raised with African Americans and how those hopes were dashed.

Answer 6

African Americans had initially been hopeful during Reconstruction after the Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery in the United States, the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law and the rights of citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment granted black male suffrage. African Americans were elected to local, state, and even national offices, and Congress passed civil rights legislation. However, the hopes of Reconstruction were dashed by horrific waves of violence against African Americans, the economic struggles of sharecropping (which, in some ways, resembled the conditions of slavery), the denial of equal civil rights including voting rights, and enforced segregation of the races. At the turn of the century, the new progressive reform movement heralded many changes, but whether African Americans would benefit from progressivism remained to be seen.

Question 7

Woodrow Wilson’s successes and failures at Versailles.

Answer 7

The Versailles Treaty did little to shape any sort of long-term peace from the results of World War I. Instead, the treaty, hastily put together, was vague, exposed the Allies’ inability to cooperate toward an agreement, and fueled German nationalism from resentment over her treatment by the Allies in the treaty.

Question 8

Wilson’s 14 points.

Answer 8

Designed as guidelines for the rebuilding of the postwar world, the points included Wilson’s ideas regarding nations’ conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination, with the achievement of this through the dismantling of European empires and the creation of new states. Most importantly, however, was Point 14, which called for a “general association of nations” that would offer “mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike.

Question 9

The reasons that the U. S. Senate rejected the ratification of The Treaty of Versailles (League of Nations).

Answer 9

The reasons why did the Senate cite when rejecting the Treaty of Versailles was Wilson refused to support US entry into the League of Nations and the treaty went against the idea of non-interference in foreign affairs.Nov 1, 2021

Question 10

The reasons for the Red Scare and the resurgence of labor unrest in postwar America

Answer 10

the Red Scare was “a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent The war’s end, however, was accompanied by labor turmoil, as labor demanded union recognition, shorter hours, and raises exceeding the inflation rate. Over 4 million workers–one fifth of the nation’s workforce–participated in strikes in 1919, including 365,000 steelworkers and 400,000 miners.

Question 11

Bolshevik Revolution

Answer 11

Russian Revolution of 1917, Revolution that overthrew the imperial government and placed the Bolsheviks in power. Increasing governmental corruption, the reactionary policies of Tsar Nicholas II, and catastrophic Russian losses in World War I contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and economic hardship.

Question 12

Labor unions

Answer 12

Organized labor had grown in strength during the course of the war. Many unions won recognition and the 12-hour workday was abolished. An 8-hour days was instituted on war contract work and by 1919, half the country’s workers had a 48-hour work week.

Question 13

Palmer raids

Answer 13

The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to capture and arrest suspected socialists, especially anarchists and communists, and deport them from the United States.

Question 14

Lusitania

Answer 14

The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was owned by the Cunard Line and was first launched in 1906. Built for the transatlantic passenger trade, it was luxurious and noted for its speed. During World War I the Lusitania was sunk by a German torpedo, resulting in great loss of life.

Question 15

Zimmermann telegram

Answer 15

The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between the German Empire and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany.

Question 16

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Answer 16

Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy

Question 17

Lenin/Bolshevik Revolution

Answer 17

Lenin was the leader of the radical socialist Bolshevik Party (later renamed the Communist Party), which seized power in the October phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bolshevik Revolution, also referred to as the “Great October Socialist Revolution,” was the first successful Marxist coup in history. During this chapter of the Russian Revolution, the ineffectual Provisional Government was dislodged and ultimately replaced with a Soviet Socialist Republic under Lenin’s leadership.

Question 18

Sussex Pledge

Answer 18

Under further pressure from America, the Germans gave the ‘Sussex Pledge’ which guaranteed that passenger ships would not be sunk, merchant ships would not be sunk without confirmation of weaponry onboard, and that provision would be made for the rescue of the crew of any torpedoed ship.

Question 19

isolationism

Answer 19

When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared the United States neutral. This continued the government’s 19th century policy of isolationism – staying out of the affairs of other countries.

Question 20

Committee on Public Information

Answer 20

was an independent agency of the government of the United States under the Wilson administration created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I, in particular, the US home front.

Question 21

4 minute men

Answer 21

The 4-Minute Men recruited prominent businessmen, clergy, and politicians to speak at local venues and collect pledges of support. Theaters were popular spots because audiences were already gathered and sat idle between film reels.

Question 22

Selective Service Act (the draft)

Answer 22

On May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which authorized the Federal Government to temporarily expand the military through conscription. The act eventually required all men between the ages of 21 to 45 to register for military service.

Question 23

American Expeditionary Force (AEF); John J. Pershing

Answer 23

The AEF was created to fill the need for troops in Europe, especially for the weary British and French troops who had been fighting since 1914. General John J. Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe during World War I. He became a master of military tactics through his training at the United States Military Academy and his teaching at West Point.

Question 24

Liberty bonds

Answer 24

Americans basically loaned the government money to help pay for the costs of wartime military operations. After a certain number of years, those who invested in these bonds would receive their money back, plus interest.

Question 25

Committee on Public Information

Answer 25

The Committee on Public Information, also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States under the Wilson administration created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I, in particular, the US home front.

Question 26

5 minute men

Answer 26

The Four Minute Men were a group of volunteers authorized by United States President Woodrow Wilson to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by the Committee on Public Information (CPI). The Four Minute Men Association was developed during World War I to provide a means for dissemination of information on Liberty Bond drives.

Question 27

Henry Cabot Lodge

Answer 27

February 28, 1919, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts began an assault on President Woodrow Wilson's proposal to establish a League of Nations that ultimately culminated in the Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles.

Question 28

Great Migration"

Answer 28

The First Great Migration (1910-1940) had Black southerners relocate to northern and midwestern cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant.

Question 29

Marcus Garvey

Answer 29

Marcus Garvey organized the United States' first Black nationalist movement. In the years following World War I, he urged Black Americans to be proud of their identity. Garvey enjoyed a period of profound Black cultural and economic success, with the New York City neighbourhood of Harlem as the movement's mecca.

Question 30

Sacco-Vanzetti case

Answer 30

Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with committing robbery and murder at the Slater and Morrill shoe factory in South Braintree. On the afternoon of April 15, 1920, payroll clerk Frederick Parmenter and security guard Alessandro Berardelli were shot to death and robbed of over $15,000 in cash.

Question 31

Why Harding won the presidency

Answer 31

He conducted a front porch campaign, remaining mostly in Marion, and allowed the people to come to him. He promised a return to normalcy of the pre–World War I period, and won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox, to become the first sitting senator elected president.

Question 32

What was return to normalcy

Answer 32

Return to normalcy, central campaign slogan of Republican nominee Warren G. Harding's successful campaign for the U.S. presidency in 1920.

Question 33

The farmers’ crisis

Answer 33

The After World War I, farmers were left with the heavy debts they were encouraged to take on during the war. They owned more land and more equipment than they needed, while demand for their product significantly decreased. Market surplus led land and agricultural prices to plummet. Government relief was not provided.

Question 34

declining food prices –why?

Answer 34

Farm prices rose, the Government called for increased production, and farmers responded. Large quantities of food went to our overseas allies and to relieve hunger in Europe after the War. Then, agricultural prices collapsed in July 1920, largely because of a sudden decline in export demand.

Question 35

The changes in the American way of life and American values in the 1920s in the areas of consumerism, communications, religion, and the role of women (pink collar jobs).

Answer 35

The term “pink collar worker” was coined by the sociologist William J. Baumol in the 1960s. American writer and social critic Louise Kapp Howe later used and publicized it in the 1970s. Howe used the term to describe the jobs women assumed at the time, such as nurses, teachers, secretaries, etc

Question 36

The Roaring Twenties

Answer 36

The end of the First World War in 1918 was a time of great social and economic transition that led directly to what made the 1920's “The Roaring Twenties.” Soldiers who fought in the First World War, then called “The Great War,” and survived came home with devastating injuries to both body and mind.

Question 37

The importance of the automobile to the American economy

Answer 37

The growth of the automobile industry caused an economic revolution across the United States. Dozens of spin-off industries blossomed. Of course the demand for vulcanized rubber skyrocketed. Road construction created thousands of new jobs, as state and local governments began funding highway design.

Question 38

The significance of the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Answer 38

The trial publicized the fundamentalist–modernist controversy, which set Modernists, who said evolution could be consistent with religion, against fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge.

Question 39

Eugenics movement

Answer 39

Many Social Darwinists embraced laissez-faire capitalism and racism. They believed that government should not interfere in the “survival of the fittest” by helping the poor, and promoted the idea that some races are biologically superior to others.

Question 40

Birth control and margeret sangher

Answer 40

Margaret Sanger devoted her life to legalizing birth control and making it universally available for women. Believing that “enforced motherhood is the most complete denial of a woman's right to life and liberty,” public health nurse Margaret Sanger coins the term “birth control” and begins her decades-long campaign to make contraceptives legal and available to women in America.

Question 41

Cinema and its evolution

Answer 41

During the early 1920s, every movie was silent. Cinemas employed musicians to play the piano or electric organ during the films. In 1927 “talking pictures” or "talkies" began with Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer. Cinema became the main form of popular entertainment.

Question 42

The 1921-22 Washington Naval Conference

Answer 42

The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, the Four-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty, was a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction.

Question 43

Disarmament treaties

Answer 43

The disarmament agreements were treaties in which the two superpowers agreed to limit or reduce the creation of new warheads and weapons of mass destruction.

Question 43

* The contributions of American entrepreneurs such as Walt Disney

Answer 43

His major accomplishments include producing the first synchronized sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie (1928); initiating the use of the three-color process in animation for motion pictures; producing the first feature-length animated picture, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937); and creating the family theme park

Question 43

Henry ford contributions

Answer 43

Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company and invented the famous Model T car. Ford introduced several innovations to the car industry, including the moving assembly line method of production, which had a major impact on vehicle manufacturing as well as the American economy more broadly.

Question 44

18th amendment

Answer 44

The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919.

Question 44

wet" and "dry" and prohibition

Answer 44

Dry. From the days of early settlement in the late 1800s, the struggle between the “Drys” — those who sought to ban alcohol — and the “Wets” — those who were in favor — shaped the relationship between the Red River border communities of Fargo and Moorhead.

Question 45

19th Amendment

Answer 45

Nineteenth Amendment Women's Suffrage The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Question 46

Gangster Al Capone

Answer 46

In the “roaring twenties,” Al Capone ruled an empire of crime in the Windy City: gambling, prostitution, bootlegging, bribery, narcotics trafficking, robbery, “protection” rackets, and murder.

Question 47

bootlegging & rum running

Answer 47

To get alcohol to speakeasies and individual drinkers, it had to be smuggled in. Bootleggers were those who smuggled alcohol during Prohibition, often in vehicles with hidden compartments. Rumrunners were the term for bootleggers who snuck in alcohol by ship, often rum from the Caribbean.

Question 48

speakeasies

Answer 48

A speakeasy is an establishment in the business of selling alcoholic beverages illegally. They became widespread in the United States during the Prohibition era from 1920 to 1933.

Question 49

Charles Lindbergh

Answer 49

Despite being a civilian, Lindbergh flew on dawn patrols, joined rescue missions, and flew any combat mission that would get him to the front lines, and taught young pilots how to conserve fuel and fly longer-range missions. remembered for the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York City to Paris, on May 20–21, 1927.Oct 10, 2023

Question 50

The Lost Generation

Answer 50

The term “lost generation”, coined by Gertrude Stein, is applied to a group of writers, poets, and musicians in Paris during the 1920s, often characterized by the similar themes discussed in their work, such as disillusionment in the post-World War I society, loss of identity and tradition, and an uncertainty of the future.

Question 51

Flappers

Answer 51

flapper, young woman known for wearing short dresses and bobbed hair and for embracing freedom from traditional societal constraints. Flappers are predominantly associated with the late 1910s and the '20s in the United States. flapper.Oct 17

Question 52

Harlem Renaissance"

Answer 52

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s

Question 53

Langston Hughes & Duke Ellington

Answer 53

Hughes's influential work focused on a racial consciousness devoid of hate. In 1926, he published what would be considered a manifesto of the Harlem Renaissance in The Nation: “The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. Duke Ellington was the greatest jazz composer and bandleader of his time. One of the originators of big-band jazz, he led his band for more than 50 years and composed thousands of scores.

Question 54

Tea Pot Dome Scandal

Answer 54

The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 1921 to 1923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, as well as two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.[1] The leases were the subject of an investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies, Fall became the first presidential cabinet member to go to prison, but no one was convicted of paying the bribes.

Question 55

Nativism

Answer 55

Nativism during this period was a “patriotic” attitude that saw recent immigrants—particularly those of German descent— as potentially traitorous. Many felt that because German Americans shared their heritage with the Kaiser and the German Empire, they would side with the enemy power.

Question 56

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Answer 56

In the final version of the pact, they agreed upon two clauses: the first outlawed war as an instrument of national policy and the second called upon signatories to settle their disputes by peaceful means. On August 27, 1928, fifteen nations signed the pact at Paris.

Question 57

Causes for the Depression

Answer 57

Among the suggested causes of the Great Depression are: the stock market crash of 1929; the collapse of world trade due to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff; government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply.

Question 58

The Fed's expansion of easy credit;

Answer 58

The expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within reach of average Americans. Now individuals who could not afford to purchase a car at full price could pay for that car over time -- with interest, of course!

Question 59

stock market crash

Answer 59

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash or the Crash of 29 was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929. It started in September, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, and ended in mid-November. The main cause of the Wall Street crash of 1929 was the long period of speculation that preceded it, during which millions of people invested their savings or borrowed money to buy stocks, pushing prices to unsustainable levels.

Question 60

contraction of credit, bank failures

Answer 60

In 1929, the New York Stock Market crashed. Everyone had been buying stocks on credit and not using real money. When people and banks started asking for the money they had loaned to be paid, no one had enough money. There were whole countries that went bankrupt when their loans were called in! Bank failures In all, 9,000 banks failed--taking with them $7 billion in depositors' assets. And in the 1930s there was no such thing as deposit insurance--this was a New Deal reform. When a bank failed the depositors were simply left without a penny. The life savings of millions of Americans were wiped out by the bank failures.

Question 61

Unemployment

Answer 61

At the height of the Depression in 1933, 24.9% of the nation's total work force, 12,830,000 people, were unemployed. Wage income for workers who were lucky enough to have kept their jobs fell 42.5% between 1929 and 1933. It was the worst economic disaster in American history.

Question 62

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff and its consequences (international trade plummets).

Answer 62

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act was meant to protect the U.S. economy from the Great Depression by not allowing Americans to purchase goods from outside the U.S., however, this ended up making the economy even worse. The act led to banks closing and people consumed even fewer goods, meaning the effect of the act was not that farmers and manufacturers sold more, but that they sold less at a cheaper price. Consequences It raised tariffs and provoked foreign countries to raise retaliatory tariffs and, as a consequence, made it harder for American farms and businesses to sell abroad.

Question 63

Keynesian interpretation of what caused the depression

Answer 63

British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that classical economic theory did not provide a way to end depressions. He argued that uncertainty caused individuals and businesses to stop spending and investing, and government must step in and spend money to get the economy back on track.

Question 64

The extension of Hoover’s federal spending and creation of new agencies under an FDR administration.

Answer 64

January 22, 1932, Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to make emergency loans to businesses in danger of default. Hoover did not stand idly by after the depression began. To fight the rapidly worsening depression, Hoover extended the size and scope of the federal government in six major areas: (1) federal spending, (2) agriculture, (3) wage policy, (4) immigration, (5) international trade, and (6) tax policy.

Question 65

The effects of the Court-packing scheme

Answer 65

On February 5, 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt shocked America by introducing a plan to expand the Supreme Court, to gain favorable votes. FDR’s war on the court was short-lived, and it was defeated by a crafty Chief Justice and Roosevelt’s party members. President Roosevelt lost the Court-packing battle, but he won the war for control of the Supreme Court ... not by any novel legislation, but by serving in office for more than twelve years, and appointing eight of the nine Justices of the Court.

Question 66

Top causes of the Depression

Answer 66

The speculative boom of the 1920s. Stock market crash of 1929. Oversupply and overproduction problems. Low demand, high unemployment. Missteps by the Federal Reserve. A constrained presidential response. An ill-timed tariff. Among the suggested causes of the Great Depression are: the stock market crash of 1929; the collapse of world trade due to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff; government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply.

Question 67

The particular problems of farmers in the Dust Bowl.

Answer 67

The drought's direct effect is most often remembered as agricultural. Many crops were damaged by deficient rainfall, high temperatures, and high winds, as well as insect infestations and dust storms that accompanied these conditions.

Question 68

The lasting significance of the New Deal

Answer 68

In the short term, New Deal programs helped improve the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression. In the long run, New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation. The new deal expanded governments role in our economy, by giving it the power to regulate previously unregulated areas of commerce. Those primarily being banking, agriculture and housing. Along with it was the creation of new programs like social security and welfare aid for the poor.

Question 69

The rise of fascism

Answer 69

Fascism arose during the 1920s and '30s partly out of fear of the rising power of the working classes; it differed from contemporary communism (as practiced under Joseph Stalin) by its protection of business and landowning elites and its preservation of class systems.

Question 70

Nazism in the 1930s

Answer 70

Jews and Communists also featured heavily in the Nazi propaganda as enemies of the German people.

Question 71

Entertainment during the Depression

Answer 71

Radio programs, music, dancing and dance marathons, and cinema were popular forms of entertainment during the Great Depression. Many people suffering from the effects of the economic downturn looked for inexpensive ways to pass the time and distract themselves from the challenging circumstances.

Question 72

Fred and ginger

Answer 72

Astaire and Rogers are often cited as the two greatest dancers in cinematic history. Together, they made magic and created some of the most incredible dance routines ever seen on screen. Their grace, beauty and elegance defined Hollywood for a generation and influenced generations to come.

Question 73

Jack Benny & Bob Hope.

Answer 73

Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky, February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) was an American entertainer who evolved from a modest success playing violin on the vaudeville circuit to one of the leading entertainers of the twentieth century with a highly popular comedic career in radio, television, and film. Bob hope Comedian. USO icon. Bob Hope was many things, but to the USO and to the service members of the United States, he was the “one-man-morale machine.” Bob Hope dedicated much of his nearly 80-year career to entertaining American troops, both at home and abroad.

Question 74

Black Tuesday Black Thursday

Answer 74

On this day, stock markets around the world crashed, though the event didn't happen all at once. Black Thursday is considered the first day of the Stock Market Crash of 1929,1 which lasted until Oct. 29, marking the end of a decade-long bull market and the onset of the Great Depression.

Question 75

Bank Holiday & FDIC

Answer 75

After a month-long run on American banks, Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed a Bank Holiday, beginning March 6, 1933, that shut down the banking system. When the banks reopened on March 13, depositors stood in line to return their hoarded cash. FDIC is an independent agency of the United States Government that protects you against the loss of your insured deposits if an insured bank fails.

Question 76

Fireside Chats

Answer 76

While developing programs to help America emerge from the Great Depression, Roosevelt also needed to calm the fears and restore the confidence of Americans and to gain their support for the programs of the New Deal, including the NRA. One of the ways FDR chose to accomplish this was through the radio, the most direct means of access to the American people. During the 1930s almost every home had a radio, and families typically spent several hours a day gathered together, listening to their favorite programs. Roosevelt called his radio talks about issues of public concern "Fireside Chats." Informal and relaxed, the talks made Americans feel as if President Roosevelt was talking directly to them. Roosevelt continued to use fireside chats throughout his presidency to address the fears and concerns of the American people as well as to inform them of the positions and actions taken by the U.S. government.

Question 77

Alphabet Soup Agencies

Answer 77

The words "New Deal" signified a new relationship between the American people and their government. This new relationship included the creation of several new federal agencies, called "alphabet agencies." The AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration) was designed to raise farm prices; the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) to give jobs to unemployed youths and to improve the environment; the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) to bring electricity to those who never had it before; the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), which later became the WPA (Works Progress Administration), gave jobs to thousands of the unemployed in everything from construction to the arts; the NRA (National Recovery Administration) drew up regulations and codes to help revitalize industry and legalized the workers' right to unionize.

Question 78

Okies

Answer 78

Okies," as Californians labeled them, were refugee farm families from the Southern Plains who migrated to California in the 1930s to escape the ruin of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.

Question 79

Bonus Army

Answer 79

Bonus Army, gathering of probably 10,000 to 25,000 World War I veterans (estimates vary widely) who, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C., in 1932, demanding immediate bonus payment for wartime services to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression.

Question 80

Social Security

Answer 80

From 1937 until 1940, Social Security paid benefits in the form of a single, lump-sum payment. The purpose of these one-time payments was to provide some "payback" to those people who contributed to the program but would not participate long enough to be vested for monthly benefits.

Question 81

Benito Mussolini & Adolf Hitler

Answer 81

Benito Mussolini was an Italian political leader who became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945. Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany's Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century.

Question 82

Jesse Owen’s ,Joe Louis

Answer 82

Owens broke three world records and tied a fourth in an hour, the only athlete to establish multiple new track-and-field world records on the same day. Between 1937 and 1949, Joe Louis was boxing's "Heavyweight Champion of the World." He held that title longer, and defended it more often, than any other boxer in history. He was one of the first great African-American idols for a whole generation of Americans.

Question 83

King Kong

Answer 83

King Kong, landmark American monster film, released in 1933, that was noted for its pioneering special effects by Willis O'Brien. It was the first significant feature film to star an animated character and also made actress Fay Wray an international star

Question 84

Wizard of oz

Answer 84

In 1939 the country was in the depths of the Great Depression, and some viewers suggest that MGM's Oz might be a commentary on President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.

Question 85

How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to WWII?

Answer 85

The Treaty of Versailles led to World War II because its terms punished Germany harshly. The economy collapsed, the government lost power, the military was weak, and the Germans were angry. Because of these factors, Germans became loyal to Hitler and there was the perfect storm in Germany which caused World war II and.

Question 86

How did the Allied Powers enbolden Hitler?

Answer 86

In 1946, the United States and Great Britain merged their occupation zones, and in 1947 the U.S. Government began a massive aid program under the Marshall Plan, which pumped dollars and goods into Europe to aid in recovery.

Question 87

Isolationism

Answer 87

During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism. Isolationists advocated non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts and non-entanglement in international politics.

Question 88

appeasement and collaboration

Answer 88

Stalin's collaboration with Hitler eventually guaranteed that Russia also would be double-crossed -- less than two years after signing an agreement with the Third Reich. Germany surprise-attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. But it was more than Western appeasement of Hitler and Soviet collaboration that made World War II inevitable. Nazi Germany still remained relatively weak in 1939

Question 89

The pattern of Japanese, Italian, and German aggression that eventually led to WWII.

Answer 89

Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 and invaded eastern China in 1937 . Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and conquered it the following year. Hitler built up the German military and sent troops into the Rhineland.

Question 90

The specific sequence of events that brought the United States into the war.

Answer 90

Germany's resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships in 1917 became the primary motivation behind Wilson's decision to lead the United States into World War I. The Attack On Pearl Harbor. and the treachery of the Zimmermann Telegram.

Question 91

The technological advancements in weapons, equipment, and transportation as a response to the distance issues of the Pacific theatre of fighting.

Answer 91

Fighting included some of the largest naval battles in history and massive Allied air raids over Japan, as well as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered unconditionally on 15 August 1945 and was occupied by the Allies.

Answer 92

The war production effort brought immense changes to American life. As millions of men and women entered the service and production boomed, unemployment virtually disappeared. The need for labor opened up new opportunities for women and African Americans and other minorities. The second is that World War II gave many minority Americans--and women of all races--an economic and psychological boost. The needs of defense industries, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's desire to counter Axis propaganda, opened skilled, high-paying jobs to people who had never had a chance at them before.

Question 93

Rosie the Riveter

Answer 93

Rosie the Riveter, media icon associated with female defense workers during World War II. Since the 1940s Rosie the Riveter has stood as a symbol for women in the workforce and for women's independence.

Question 94

latchkey kids, equal pay for minorities (A. Phillip Randolph)

Answer 94

latchkey' came into widespread use during the war to describe children left without adult supervision before and after school hours. Randolph directed the March on Washington movement to end employment discrimination in the defense industry and a national civil disobedience campaign to ban segregation in the armed forces. The nonviolent protest and mass action effort inspired the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. As a young man, he realized that unionizing and organizing African American workers was the best way to fight for increased wages and equal employment opportunities.

Question 95

The significance of the major European battles: Invasion of Normandy

Answer 95

The D-Day operation of June 6, 1944, brought together the land, air, and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest amphibious invasion in military history. The invasion force included 7,000 ships and landing craft manned by over 195,000 naval personnel from eight allied countries. Almost 133,000 troops from the United States, the British Commonwealth, and their allies, landed on D-Day. Casualties from these countries during the landing numbered 10,300. By June 30, over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies had landed on the Normandy shores

Question 96

Battle of the Bulge

Answer 96

The Battle of the Bulge was the US Army's greatest struggle to deny Adolf Hitler's last chance for victory. Lasting six brutal weeks, from December 16, 1944, to January 25, 1945, the assault, also called the Battle of the Ardennes, took place during frigid weather conditions, with some 30 German divisions attacking battle-fatigued American troops across 85 miles of the densely wooded Ardennes Forest.

Question 97

Coral sea battle, midway battle

Answer 97

The Battle of Coral Sea was important because if the Axis powers took control of Australia, that would be bad. Midway World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan's first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots.

Question 98

The Korematsu vs. U.S. Supreme Court decision.

Answer 98

In response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II, the U.S. government decided to require Japanese-Americans to move into relocation camps as a matter of national security. President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 in February 1942, two months after Pearl Harbor. A Japanese-American man living in San Leandro, Fred Korematsu, chose to stay at his residence rather than obey the order to relocate. Korematsu was arrested and convicted of violating the order. He responded by arguing that Executive Order 9066 violated the Fifth Amendment. The Ninth Circuit affirmed Korematsu's conviction.

Question 99

The importance of the Atlantic Charter

Answer 99

The Charter expressed the two countries' beliefs in the rights of self-determination, of all people to live in freedom from fear and want, and of freedom of the seas, as well as the belief that all nations must abandon the use of force and work collectively in the fields of economics and security.

Question 100

Axis & Allied Powers

Answer 100

The Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) were opposed by the Allied Powers (led by Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union). Five other nations joined the Axis during World War II: Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Croatia.

Question 101

The St. Louis

Answer 101

During the build-up to World War II, the St. Louis carried more than 900 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany in 1939 intending to escape anti-Semitic persecution.

Question 102

Final Solution

Answer 102

The Nazi “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” (“Endlösung der Judenfrage”) was the deliberate, planned mass murder of European Jews. It occurred between 1941 and 1945. It was, and is, often referred to as the “Final Solution” (“Endlösung”). The “Final Solution” was the tragic culmination of the Nazi persecution of Europe’s Jews. As such, it is a key component of the Holocaust (1933–1945).

Question 103

The Holocaust

Answer 103

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.

Question 104

Isolationism

Answer 104

Isolationists believed that World War II was ultimately a dispute between foreign nations and that the United States had no good reason to get involved. The best policy, they claimed, was for the United States to build up its own defenses and avoid antagonizing either side.

Question 105

Interventionism

Answer 105

Interventionists believed the United States did have good reasons to get involved in World War II, particularly in Europe. The democracies of Western Europe, they argued, were a critical line of defense against Hitler's fast-growing strength.

Question 106

Neutrality Acts

Answer 106

Beginning with the Neutrality Act of 1935, Congress passed a series of laws designed to minimize American involvement with belligerent nations. Roosevelt accepted the neutrality laws but at the same time warned Americans of the danger of remaining isolated from a world increasingly menaced by the dictatorial regimes…1935 Neutrality Act, which prohibited loans and arms sales to belligerent nations, in order to allow the two countries to purchase arms on a “cash and carry” basis—that is, on the condition that they pay immediately in cash and transport the arms themselves.

Question 107

Lend-Lease

Answer 107

Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States." Roosevelt approved $1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to Britain at the end of October 1941.

Question 108

Appeasement

Answer 108

Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britain's policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. Most closely associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, it is now widely discredited as a policy of weakness.

Question 109

Manhattan Project

Answer 109

The Manhattan Project was a program of research and development undertaken during World War II to produce the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States in collaboration with the United Kingdom and with support from Canada

Question 110

Oppenheimer

Answer 110

J Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and director of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb".

Question 111

Sonar, radar

Answer 111

Sonar uses sound waves to 'see' in the water. During World War II, combination sonar equipments that provided ranging, listening, and sounding were installed on submarines. Radar could pick up incoming enemy aircraft at a range of 80 miles and played a crucial role in the Battle of Britain by giving air defences early warning of German attacks.

Question 112

Code Talkers

Answer 112

The Navajo Code Talkers – U.S. Marines of Navajo descent who developed and utilized a special code using their indigenous language to transmit sensitive information during World War II – are legendary figures in military and cryptography history.

Question 113

USO

Answer 113

USO was created as a physical network of stateside club locations where service members could go to relax, USO Camp Shows, Inc., a subsidiary of the USO, was tasked with providing live entertainment to troops during World War II socialize and get a taste of the civilian world.

Question 114

Entertainment swing ww2

Answer 114

When the U.S. entered the war in late 1941, Swing music also went to war. Jazz and Swing provided comfort for families at home and soldiers abroad. Many musicians who were drafted into the military took their music with them.

Question 115

Douglas MacArthur

Answer 115

Douglas MacArthur, (born January 26, 1880, Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.—died April 5, 1964, Washington, D.C.), U.S. general who commanded the Southwest Pacific Theatre in World War II, administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation that followed, and led United Nations forces during the first nine months of the Korean War.