Final Exam - Definitions

Question 1

What is an Embedded State

Answer 1

The notion that the operations of the state are so extensive that they are connected to virtually every aspect of society, and that government therefore cannot act independently of societal forces.

Question 2

What is Nationalism?

Answer 2

Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or People.

Question 3

What is institutionalism?

Answer 3

A theoretical approach to political science that is centered on formal institutions of government.

Question 4

What is Neo-Institutionalism?

Answer 4

(an approach that emphasizes the role of institutions.) still focuses on institutions but broadens focus to how they constrain and are also constrained by behavior of individuals and groups

Question 5

Regionalism

Answer 5

an institutional framework.
o 5 regions
o West coast, North Territories, prairies province, central Canada, Atlantic region
o Segregating these regions makes no sense at all since for example Quebec and Ontario does not share the same values
* Geographic approach: geography leads to common political, social, and cultural characteristics; thus, regions are outcomes of physical diversity.

Question 6

Federalism

Answer 6

separate jurisdictions and spheres of authority between central (federal) government and units (provinces).
o Localised authority is the division of power from regional to provincial and federal governance. Regional authority is the best governance because they focus more on their area

Question 7

Staples Theory

Answer 7

the theory of economic growth that emphasizes the role of traditional commodities or staple products and the impact they have on the shaping of a resource-rich economy. It is the view that political development was based on acquisition of key resources for export) a central lens to understanding unequal development. Contrasting is the fact that the success of an economy is primarily dependent on staples

Question 8

Populism

Answer 8

Political strategy based on creating ‘us’ vs. ‘them’ dichotomies between a virtuous, homogenous group of people and corrupt elites/outside instigators.
* While (until recently) not prevalent on federal level, populism common in provincial politics, with provincial executives often juxtaposing themselves against ‘the Fed’.
* Examples include Alberta, Quebec, Saskatchewan and (more recently) Ontario, with each being fairly distinct in character

Question 9

confederation

Answer 9

The deal made among the Fathers of Confederation that entailed setting up a new federal system of government with a division of powers, a division of financial powers, federal controls over the provinces, provincial representation in federal institutions and certain cultural guarantees.

Question 10

Patriation

Answer 10

• The word patriation was invented in Canada, as a back-formation from repatriation, which means to return to one’s country. As the Canadian constitution was originally a British law, it could not return to Canada
• Within a few decades limitations of dominion rule evident and Canadian leaders increasingly seek autonomy from Britain.
• Questions over constitutional amendment (generally related to issues surrounding provincial powers re: Quebec) necessitated patriation, which was formally achieved with Constitution Act of 1982.
• But also a major critical juncture in our national identity – or the construction of an “us”.

Question 11

Fragment Theory

Answer 11

Early settlement has major impact on future political culture. In case of Canada, political culture ‘fragment’ of French collectivism and British Toryism.

Question 12

Two Solitudes

Answer 12

Central feature of Canadian national myth as being defined by dualism of two founding nations. : two founding nations dualism French and English Canadian – impact on political development – nationalism succession movement, who gets excluded, (refugees, immigrants, indigenous)

Question 13

Multiculturalism on exam

Answer 13

Multiculturalism/difference not constructed in terms of racialization, but European settler colonial identities, arguably making multiculturalism a tool that perpetuates white supremacy. A policy of encouraging minority ethnocultural groups to maintain their customs and traditions often with public financial assistance. Based on recognition of difference through specialized rights and policies promoting diversity

Question 13

Interculturalism

Answer 13

A uniquely Quebecois discourse of cultural accommodation.

Question 14

Laïcité

Answer 14

principle of Quebec secularism, sought through policies which actively restrict minorities.
It discourages religious involvement in government affairs, especially religious influence in the determination of state policies; it also forbids government involvement in religious affairs, and especially prohibits government influence in the determination of religion

Question 15

Haudenosaunee

Answer 15

A deliberative democratic institution
The pre-settlement period included complex governance and social systems, and example of which is the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace.

Question 16

Turtle Island

Answer 16

• Colonial institutional development of past 500 years overlooks estimated 14,000 years of social organization and – indeed – institutional development.
• Complex societies comparable to the ‘Old World’ – eg: Cahokia and Tenochtitlan.
• Colonialism: imposition of ‘foreign’ institutions that contradict established norms/customs.
• Legal tradition based on sacred teachings, natural law, deliberative law, legal positivism and rational law.
  o 5 laws:
   Natural law
   Deliberate law
   Sacred law
   Spiritual law
• The Haudenosaunee – a deliberative democratic institution

Question 17

Royal Proclamation (1763)

Answer 17

• First distinctively “Canadian” constitutional document
• Colonial laws would be as close as possible to Britain’s
• Formalized land acquisition by Britain through Treaty Rights rather than the “doctrine of discovery” and the concept of terra nullius
• Recognition of Indigenous title (ownership of land)
• Only the British Crown could enter land negotiations (buy and sell to Colonists)
• Differing perspectives on sincerity and ideology underpinning the Royal Proclamation (Boldt v. Borrows)

Question 18

The Indian Act (1876)

Answer 18

• The 1867 British North America Act (Constitution Act, 1867) gives jurisdiction over Indigenous peoples and lands to the federal government (without their consent).
• Parliament passes the Indian Act in 1876, granting the government control over nearly all aspects of Indigenous life.
• Indian Act established “Status Indians” based solely on First Nations (no mention of Metis or Inuit); it also created the residential school system.
• Concept of “enfranchisement,” to decline their status as ”Status Indians” under the act and assimilate into Canadian society, thereby forfeiting treaty rights and other benefits.
• After confederation, Sir John A. MacDonald spearheads the numbered treaties, each of which contained an “extinguishment clause,” meaning the previous understandings of treaty making and associated legal rights could no longer be claimed or appealed to.

Question 19

Canadian Culture

Answer 19

a. Idea that Canada was founded by English and French but forgetting that there were natives here first
b. Recognition for Quebec is important
c. Lots of slavery in Canada still happening today with the Chinese and Mexicans

Question 20

Civil Society

Answer 20

• The political community of a state beyond the state.
• The cumulative social activity of a society.
• Encompasses everything from formal organizations to social movements.
• Ultimately seek to influence power to elicit political change – whether for personal or public good.

Question 21

Cultural genocide

Answer 21

the “destruction of those structures and practices that allow the group to continue as a group” (TRC) - Patrick Wolfe (2006): ”the logic of elimination”

Question 22

Settler Colonialism

Answer 22

a form of colonialism that seeks to replace the original population of a colonized territory with a new settler society

Question 23

Doctrine of Discovery

Answer 23

A legal and moral justification for the dispossession of Indigenous peoples

Question 24

Terra Nullius

Answer 24

Legal principle and Latin phrase “nobody’s land” (p. 71).

Question 25

Bill 21

Answer 25

A ban on religious symbols by public workers in Quebec nationalism

Question 26

Bill 96

Answer 26

an affirmation that French is the only official language in Quebec

Question 27

Bill 22

Answer 27

the Official Language Act, sponsored by the Québec Liberal government of Robert Bourassa and passed by the legislature July 1974.

Question 28

The Notwithstanding Clause/Section 33

Answer 28

ometimes referred to as the override power, and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to temporarily override sections 2 and 7–15 of the Charter. - CLC the ‘voice’ of labour in Can; but only represents nearly 70% of unionized workers. Unions largely fragmented. - Longstanding history of anti labour, pro industry governance in Canada. Exclusion from policy networks beyond bargaining. - Doug Ford and CUPE: reflects deep animus towards organized labour Bill 28, proactive use of notwithstanding clause to effectively override collective bargaining.

Question 29

The Sovereignty Referendum/Clarity Act

Answer 29

This Quebec act emphasizes the right to self-determination according to public international law. It also claims the right to territorial integrity of the province of Quebec. The act also recognizes the rights of Quebec's English-speaking minority and of the aboriginal nations of Quebec.

Question 30

The Quiet Revolution

Answer 30

The Quiet Revolution began after Jean Lesage won the Quebec election in 1960. Lesage was popular with francophones who wanted change. He promised that they would take control of their own and Quebec’s destiny. He promised they would have a better place in Canada and that francophones would thrive. To fulfill his promises, Jean Lesage instituted many policies such as: - Churches no longer controlled education - nationalization of hydroelectricity. -QPP, family allowance Now welfare state

Question 31

La Grande Noirceur/The Great Darkness

Answer 31

refers to the 19 years where premier Maurice Duplessis was in power (1936–1939, 1944–1959). The name alludes to the population’s suffering during this time. * Confederation/BNA Act marked a critical juncture that transformed Quebec politics. * Relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada were strained at times due to various French-English political conflicts at the time: Riel Rebellions; Bilingualism in Manitoba; Ontario French Education Policy; and Conscription in WW1 and WW2. * Within Quebec, a period of national isolation under Maurice Duplessis kept Quebec largely under-developed. Duplessis kept a near two-decade hold over the province due to strategic alliances (with the church, farmers, and American investors).

Question 32

Porous borders

Answer 32

is a problem for the makers of security policy. * So often Canadian political culture defined in contrast to American political culture (see textbook), but distinction less clear. * Canadians consume American media to a far greater degree than they do Canadian media, using American-owned social media sites –funneling not only an American worldview, but a worldview of Canada through an American filter. * In case of Canadian right, incentivized to embrace of GOP politics – including the embrace of disinformation, dog whistle politics and more ideological politics. Convoy marks the end of “old guard”, centrist CPC politics. * Why is this problematic? o Anti-state politics: hollowing out institutional trust, eroding democracy. o Violent, misogynistic, anti-media and racist.

Question 33

Dog whistle politics

Answer 33

especially important in coverage/construction of race. Implying meaning through inference/coded language In politics, a dog whistle is the use of coded or suggestive language in political messaging to garner support from a particular group without provoking opposition. The concept is named after ultrasonic dog whistles, which are audible to dogs but not humans.

Question 34

Neoliberalism

Answer 34

- The embrace of market rationalities in all aspects of social and political life. - 1970s: Rollback Neoliberalism austerity, dismantling of Keynesian economies, retrenchment of government size/spending. - 1990s: Rollout Neoliberalism ideological project framing the state as the problem, and the free market as the solution. - Multi faceted impact on policy networks: gutting of financial support of civil society organizations, New Public Management and ‘running government like business’, hollowing out of volunteer sector from advocacy to data. All favour business in policy development.

Question 35

RCAP Industry

Answer 35

CAP (1991 – 1996) 1. A new relationship between Settlers and Indigenous peoples. 2. Self-determination through self-government. 3. Economic self-sufficiency. 4. Personal and collective healing for Indigenous peoples

Question 36

TRC

Answer 36

* TRC (2008 – 2015). * Called by Prime Minister Steven Harper following national apology to Indigenous peoples for residential schools. * Headed by Murray Sinclair, former senator and first Indigenous judge in Manitoba. * Issues 94 Calls to Action. * Trudeau 2.0 elected in wake of TRC and launches MMWIG, which issues its final report in 2019.

Question 37

MMIWG

Answer 37

Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls A mass movement in the US and Canada works to raise awareness of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) through organizing marches; building databases of the missing; holding local community, city council, and tribal council meetings; and conducting domestic violence trainings and other informational

Question 38

Meech Lake

Answer 38

was a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 Canadian provincial premiers. It was intended to persuade the government of Quebec to symbolically endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments by providing for some decentralization of the Canadian federation.

Question 39

Charlottetown Conventions

Answer 39

The Charlottetown Accord of 1992 was a failed attempt by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 provincial premiers to amend the Canadian Constitution. The goal was to obtain Quebec’s consent to the Constitution Act, 1982. The Accord would have recognized Quebec as a distinct society; decentralized many federal powers to the provinces; addressed the issue of Indigenous self-government; and reformed the Senate and the House of Commons. The Accord had the approval of the federal government and all 10 provincial governments. But it was rejected by Canadian voters in a referendum on 26 October 1992.

Question 40

Petite bourgeoisie/historic blocs

Answer 40

derogatorily refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological stance in times of socioeconomic stability is determined by reflecting that of a haute bourgeoisie ('high' bourgeoisie) with which the petite bourgeoisie seeks to identify itself and whose bourgeois morality it strives to imitate Predominantly service-based economy, but resources still key sectors regionally with industries acting as regional Petite Bourgeoisie, exercising major influence over policy/politics/power

Question 41

Welfare state

Answer 41

a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. * Canada’s mixed economy status solidified by its social safety net – aka Welfare State. * Recall: Keynesian economics – progressive taxation and high level of state activity to facilitate market participation. * Post-WW2 “Golden Age of Social Welfare”: Unemployment Act (1940), Family Allowances Act (‘44); CPP (‘65); Medical Care Act (‘66); Employment Insurance (‘71). All done as part of nation building. * Era of Neoliberalism – dismantling of welfare state…but still, welfare persists.