Final Exam - Definitions Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Sociology
What is Sociology?
A
The scientific study of human society and societal behaviour - what factors influence the interactions between people?
2
Q
Sociological Imagination
What is Sociology?
A
The ability to place and understand the personal experiences of individuals within the societal context in which these experiences occur - personal experience and wider society
3
Q
Sociological Perspective
What is Sociology?
A
How you make sense of your reality that is constructed through concrete and abstract experiences - intersection of the individual and external factors
4
Q
Social Fact
What is Sociology?
A
Component of your reality - originating in institutions/culture of a society which affects your attitudes/behaviour
5
Q
Agency
What is Sociology?
A
Capacity to make choices altering our own lives and that of others
6
Q
Social Structure
What is Sociology?
A
The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that comprise society
7
Q
Objectivity
What is Sociology?
A
Use reason and evidence to interpret an event - avoiding bias
8
Q
Subjectivity
What is Sociology?
A
Interpret reality through personal values or beliefs - use bias
9
Q
Structure
What is Sociology?
A
Elements of society that create stable opportunities and constraints peoples lives
10
Q
Theory
What do Sociologists Do?
A
A set of propositions intended to explain a fact or sociological phenomenon
11
Q
☆ Functionalist Theory
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Sociological perspective that describes society as a set of interconnected parts working together to preserve stability of social life
12
Q
Social Reproduction
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Term Encompassing what goes into reproducing society like having children and teaching them the rules of society
13
Q
Manifest Functions
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Intended and recognizable ways institutions or social phenomena operate
14
Q
Latent Functions
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Unintended or hidden ways institutions or social phenomena operate
15
Q
Moral Order
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Unwritten social norms/conventions that serve to maintain social order
16
Q
Anomie
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Instability resulting in breakdown of standards from lack of purpose or ideals
17
Q
☆ Conflict Theory
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Sociological perspective that centers around the idea that society is organized around inequalities, which produces conflict between groups
18
Q
Mode of Productions
What do Sociologists Do?
A
A way of producing material things we need to survive
19
Q
Bourgeoisie
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Capitalists, owners of the means of production
20
Q
Proletariat
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Workers, those who produce for the bourgeoisie
21
Q
Consumerism
What do Sociologists Do?
A
More material possession means more in general - happier by consuming more goods
22
Q
☆ Symbolic Interactionism
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Sociological perspective where people create meaning through interaction
23
Q
“I”
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Unsocialized, impulsive, self
24
Q
“Me”
What do Sociologists Do?
A
Socialized, reflective of the values of society, self
25
Double Consciousness
| What do Sociologists Do?
Experience of looking at one's self through the eyes of racist, white society
26
☆ Feminist Theory
| What do Sociologists Do?
Sociological approach attempting to understand the inequality women face in society
27
Patriarchy
| What do Sociologists Do?
A cultural system that promotes the idea that men must have dominant roles in society
28
Standpoint Theory
| What do Sociologists Do?
Feminist position that argues that knowledge stems from social position
29
Culture
| Culture
The shared set of influences (beliefs, values, languages, etc) that we use to make sense of the world around us
30
Norms
| Culture
Written and unwritten rules that are taught and understood but not legally binding
31
Values
| Culture
Beliefs about ideal goals and behaviour that serve as standards for social life
32
Sanction
| Culture
Rewards for adhering to a norm and punishments for violating a norm
33
Material Culture
| Culture
The physical objects and artifacts found in a culture
34
Nonmaterial Culture
| Culture
Values, beliefs, philosophies, ideologies, conventions, etc.
35
Language
| Culture
System of signals strung together for the purpose of communicating abstract thoughts
36
Cultural Universals
| Culture
Practices found in every human culture
37
Diffusion
| Culture
Cultural items or practices being transmitted from one group to another
38
Globalization
| Culture
Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets
39
Cultural Capital
| Culture
The values, knowledge, skills, and ideas that are valued
40
Subculture
| Culture
A cultural group within society that shares elements of the dominant culture but also has its own distinct values
41
Counterculture
| Culture
Subculture that rejects cultural norms and adopts alternative ones
42
Ethnocentrism
| Culture
A tendency to evaluate other cultures through the lens of one's on culture
43
Cultural Relativism
| Culture
Understanding a culture on its own terms
44
Xenocentrism
| Culture
Assuming some/everything about a different culture is superior to one's own
45
Multiculturalism
| Culture
The presence of people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds
46
Folkways
| Culture
Simple customs people take part in every day - norm that organizes casual interactions
47
Mores
| Culture
Social norms that are widely observed and are considered to have greater moral significance than others
48
Status
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Socially defined positions within society
49
Master Status
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
The status that is the most important and gives you your main position in society
50
Ascribed Status
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Attributes generally attained at birth like race, sex, etc.
51
Achieved Status
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Acquired through our own efforts
52
Social Scripts
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Culturally constructed, socially enforced practices practices we are expected to follow when interacting in social situations
53
Role Conflict
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
A situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise wen one individual holds two or more social positions
54
Role Strain
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
When one of our social positions has conflicting demands and expectations placed upon it
55
Primary Group
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Small, intimate group characterized by face-to-face interactions and co-operation
56
Secondary Groups
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Tend to be formal and impersonal like in school or the workplace
57
In-Group/Out-Group
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Group that makes you feel like you do/don't belong
58
Reference Group
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
A group individual use as a standard for behaviour
59
Coalition
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Groups aligning towards a common goal
60
Social Network
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Our connections with people in different social circles
61
Mechanical Solidarity
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Functionalism - Characteristic of societies with a minimal division of labour and group solidarity
62
Organic Solidarity
Functionalism - Characteristic of societies with a large division of labour and group interdependence
63
Gemeinschaft
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Functionalism - The past, when society was communal, small scale, ad under monarchy
64
Gesellschaft
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Functionalism - Society as a collection of free citizens who are not constrained to one place and are governed by constitutional governments
65
Organizations
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Large groups that have a collective goal or purpose
66
Formal Organizations
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Planned groups that coordinate people, capital, and tools through formalized roles, statuses, and relationships to efficiently achieve a certain set of goals
67
McDonaldization
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
The process by which the principles of the fast food industry have come to dominate organizations
68
Bureaucracy
| Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Formal organizations that thrive in both the public and private sector
69
Prestige
| Class Inequality
Honour and respect, a type of stratification that is separate from income, authority, or class
70
Social Stratification
| Class Inequality
A system of inequality that integrates class, status, and domination with other forms of differentiation, such as gender, race, etc.
71
Meritocracy
| Class Inequality
A system of rewards based on demonstrated ability
72
Social Mobility
| Class Inequality
The movement of individuals among different levels of occupational hierarchy - vertical or horizontal - across or within a generation(s)
73
Socio-Economic Status
| Class Inequality
A method of ranking people that combines measures of wealth, authority, and prestige
74
Clan System
| Class Inequality
Where every individual is connected to a large network of relatives
75
Caste System
| Class Inequality
Hierarchy of groups separated from each other by rules of ritual purity
76
Class System
| Class Inequality
A hierarchy of groups with different market conditions, work situations, and life chances
77
Davis-Moore Hypothesis
| Class Inequality
Functionalist - the belief that inequality is a functional and essential part of society
78
False Conciousness
| Class Inequality
Conflict - Marx's term for when the working class mistakenly identifies with the capitalist class
79
Conspicuous Consumption
| Class Inequality
Symbolic Int. - the purchasing of expensive goods and services primarily for the purpose of putting one's wealth on display
80
Elite
| Class Inequality
A small group that has power or influence over others and that is regarded as being superior in some way
81
Poverty
| Class Inequality
The state of lacking sufficient resources to live a life that is considered normal or comfortable in a society
82
Absolute Poverty
| Class Inequality
A way of defining poverty based on an individual's ability to afford the basic necessities for life
83
Relative Poverty
| Class Inequality
A way to define poverty that compares an individual's circumstances to the general living standards of society - low compared to most
84
Classism
| Class Inequality
Prejudice against people of a certain standing in the social hierarchy based on their material wealth/power
85
Ethnicity
| Race and Racialization
People with a common culture, language, religion, and/or natural origin as well as people who share memories of colonization and migration
86
Race
| Race and Racialization
Shared/similar physical characteristics and appearance
87
Minority Groups
| Race and Racialization
Groups that have limited economic and social power and therefore have limited control of their own lives
88
Visible Minority
| Race and Racialization
Those that are neither Indigenous nor white
89
Prejudice
| Race and Racialization
Hostile social attitude toward members of another group
90
Stereotypes
| Race and Racialization
Fixed mental images that prejudiced people think encompass all members of a given group
91
Exception Fallacy
| Race and Racialization
When aware of a stereotype we are more likely to notice when we see examples that corroborate that stereotype
92
Discrimination
| Race and Racialization
Actions carried out against another person/group because of their group membership
93
Racism
| Race and Racialization
Systemic prejudice and discrimination by the dominant racial group against subordinate racial groups in society
94
Systemic Discrimination
| Race and Racialization
Biases against subordinate groups that are so deeply embedded in a society's institutions and customs that they are hard to see but are enforced across the society and create perpetual disadvantages
95
Othering
| Race and Racialization
Classifying someone as "not one of us"
96
Contact Hypothesis
| Race and Racialization
Symbolic interactionist theory that contends that contact between people who are from different racial/ethnic groups but are otherwise of equal status will result in a reduction in prejudice
97
Exploitation Theory
| Race and Racialization
A conflict theory that contends that racism keeps minority group members in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalists with a cheap reserve of labour
98
Charter Groups
| Race and Racialization
Canadians of British and French ancestry, named because settlers from England and France first came to Canada with royal permission to trade and settle
99
Genocide
| Race and Racialization
The deliberate extermination of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
100
Segregation
| Race and Racialization
The physical separation of groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and other social structures
101
Assimilation
| Race and Racialization
The process by which one forgoes their own culture and assumes the traits of the dominant group
102
Pluralism
| Race and Racialization
Minority ethnic groups maintain their cultural practices and identities while a dominant culture is retained
103
Sex
| Gender
The social construction of categories based on physical and biological characteristics - male and female in Canada
104
Binary Construction
| Gender
The classification of a concept (in this case, gender or sex) into one of two mutually exclusive groups
105
Gender
| Gender
Human traits (behaviours, roles, attributes, personality, physical appearance, values) that a culture associates with a particular sex
106
Gender Roles
| Gender
The attitudes and activities that members of a culture typically expect or desire of other members based on their perceived sex
107
Hegemonic Masculinity
| Gender
The idealized or most highly regarded traits associated with being a man in out current Canadian culture - strong, capable, financially successful, heterosexual
108
Emphasized Femininity
| Gender
The idealized or most highly regarded traits associated with being a woman in Canadian culture - attractive, compliant, caring, available to men
109
Intersex
| Gender
An umbrella term that applies to someone who is born with one of several possible variations of sex characteristics from the discrete gender binary categories - can be visible in genitalia or not
110
Transgender
| Gender
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity does not align with the sex that they were assigned at birth
111
Doing Drag
| Gender
Performing in public/a stage while embodying a gender identity that does not align with the gender the performer identifies with out of drag
112
Ideology of Gender
| Gender
A set of widespread social beliefs that gender is a binary and that there are "natural" differences between men and women - socially constructed and harmful
113
Patriarchy
| Gender
A system of social organization in which men hold power and women are excluded from power
114
Gender Stratification
| Gender
A hierarchical system of categorization based on gender - traits associated with masculinity are positive and femininity negative
115
Pink Ghettos
| Gender
Employment areas dominated by women, characterized by lower average wages and being undervalued in society
116
Operant Conditioning
| Gender
Interactionists argue that gendered roles are assigned through this - a method of training that rewards compliant behaviours and punishes deviant behaviours
117
Matrix of Domination
| Gender
Feminists identify the ways race, sexuality, and class (among other inequalities) intersect with gender, making inequality more pronounced
118
Folkways (norm)
| Deviance and Crime
Customs people take part in every day, eg. holding the door open for others
119
Mores (norm)
| Deviance and Crime
Norms that are widely observed and have moral significance, eg, incest or adultery (however, could be accepted in different cultures)
120
Deviance (norm)
| Deviance and Crime
A behaviour, action, or state of being that a community or group doesn't like
121
Social Control/Law (norm)
| Deviance and Crime
Institutions and procedures that influence members of society to conform to rules of expected behaviour
122
Crime
| Deviance and Crime
Any act prohibited by criminal law
123
Criminology
| Deviance and Crime
The study of what defines, causes, prevents crime and punishment/rehabilitation for those that break the law
124
Victimless Crime
| Deviance and Crime
A category of crime where no one suffers directly except perhaps the perpetrator, eg. gambling
125
Rational Choice Theory
| Deviance and Crime
Early criminological approach to crime that assumed people weigh the pros and cons of committing a crime and make a logical decision to commit it or not
126
Positivism
| Deviance and Crime
A philosophy that prizes reason, logic, and the scientific method over belief/faith
127
Biological Determinism
| Deviance and Crime
The idea that our behaviour is solely determined by our genetic makeup (positivism, racist because they thought black people were naturally deviant somehow)
128
Social Disorganization
| Deviance and Crime
Functionalist theory that believed the industrialization, urbanization, and immigration that accompanied modernization shattered society's traditional order and values, making it difficult to maintain social controls - "modern society more deviant"
129
Strain Theory
| Deviance and Crime
Functionalist theory that proposes that the cause of deviance lies in society's unequal opportunity structure - lack of connection between goals and means making it difficult for many to achieve what they want to
130
Labeling Theory
| Deviance and Crime
Symbolic interactionist approach to deviance that believes people come to identify with behave in ways that reflect how others label them
131
Stigma
| Deviance and Crime
A mark of shame or social disgrace, discrediting an individual or group
132
Health
| Health and Illness
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
133
Illness
| Health and Illness
A period of impaired or abnormal functioning of the body or mind not caused by physical trauma
134
Sociology of Health and Illness
| Health and Illness
The interaction between society and health: how our social life impacts rates of disease and death in different population segments, and in turn how those rates compare to society as a whole
135
Social Determinants of Health
| Health and Illness
The many sociological conditions of a person's life that influence their health, including social status, employment, education, childhood, location, access to healthcare, genetics, race, gender, culture, social supports, and health behaviours
136
Healthy Immigrant Effect
| Health and Illness
Refers to a trend where newcomers to Canada are healthier than the overall Canadian population (on average) due mostly to the requirements of entry as an immigrant
137
Social Epidemiology
| Health and Illness
A branch of the study of the distribution and determinants of health and illness that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on health
138
Incidence
| Health and Illness
The occurrence or rate which new cases of a specific illness occur within a given population during a specific period of time
139
Morbidity
| Health and Illness
The prevalence and patterns of of disease in a population
140
Mortality
| Health and Illness
The incidence and patterns of death in a population
141
Life Expectancy
| Health and Illness
The number of years a person is expected to live based on the average of a particular population
142
Sick Role
| Health and Illness
Functionalist defined social role that defines the behaviour that is appropriate for and expected of those who are sick
143
Gatekeeper
| Health and Illness
Functionalist term for medical professionals who are charged with either verifying our condition as an "illness" or determining we are "recovered"
144
Medicalization
| Health and Illness
Conflict theorists belief in medicine as an institution of social control - The process which conditions and issues become defined and treated as a disease and, therefore, as something to be studied, diagnosed, and treated
