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Anatomy Practicals > Final Exam Diseases > Flashcards

Final Exam Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

Cause: Unknown cause, autoimmune
Symptoms: Increased urination, weight loss, hyperglycemia
Treatment: Insulin administration

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2
Q

Diabetes Type II

A

Cause: Partially genetic and lifestyle, decreased insulin sensitivity
Symptoms: Increased urination, thirst, blood urination, hyperglycemia
Treatment: Diet and lifestyle changes, insulin administration

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3
Q

Gigantism

A

Cause: Pituitary tumor
Symptoms: GH release before epiphyseal plate closure in bones, large stature
Treatment: Removal of tumor

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4
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency
Cause: Genetic defect in zona glomerulosa, fails to produce mineralcorticoids
Symptoms: salt wasting diseases, high frequency of urination, high K+, low BP
Treatment: Administration of missing hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)

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5
Q

Dwarfism

A

Cause: GH insufficiency (caused by head trauma, pituitary tumor)
Symptoms: Short stature, late onset puberty/not at all
Treatment: GH administration

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6
Q

Acromegaly

A

Cause: Pituitary tumor after epiphyseal plate closure
Symptoms: Exaggerated growth of hands, tongue, jaw bone, tongue and organs (leading to organ failure)
Treatment: removal of tumor

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7
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease

A

Cause: antibodies in thyroid gland attacking the thyroid gland
Symptoms: Decrease of thyroxine, increase in TSH, weight gain, decreased BMR
Treatment: Thyroxine administration

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8
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Cause: antibodies attack TSH receptors, increase in thyroxine production
Symptoms: Bulging eyes, goiter, sweating, irritability
Treatment: radioactive iodine therapy

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9
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Cause: Suprarenal tumor producing excess cortisol or pituitary producing ACTH
Symptoms: Central obesity with limb sparing, poor immune hump, “moon face”
Treatment: remove tumor

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10
Q

Cretinism

A

Cause: Lack of thyroxine during development (lack of iodine in diet)
Symptoms: Short stature, mental development delays
Treatment: Replace of iodine in diet

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11
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Cause: TSH secreting pituitary tumor
Symptoms: increased metabolism, weight loss, goiter, sensitive to heat
Treatment: radioactive iodine

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12
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Cause: Lack of iodine in the diet in adulthood
Symptoms: Decreased metabolism, weight gain, goiter
Treatment: Replacement of iodine, thyroxine administration

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13
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Cause: Decreased tissue sensitivity to androgens
Symptoms: Breast development in males
Treatment: Breast reduction surgery

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14
Q

Androgen Insensitivity

A

Cause: Mutation of gene encoding androgen receptor
Symptoms: Develops phenotypically as a female (genetically male)
Treatment: None

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15
Q

Androgential syndrome (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

A

Cause: Mutation in genes that make glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids shunted to androgen production in utero
Symptoms: Adrogenous genitalia in female,
infertility, improper lung development, early masculination in males
Treatments: Replacement therapy for aldosterone and cortisol

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16
Q

Precocious Puberty

A

Cause: Unknown cause, genetic or a result of Androgenital syndrome
Symptoms: Extremely early onset of puberty
Treatment: lifestyle changes, psychological support, no treatment

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17
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Cause: Mutation in gene encoding hemoglobin
Symptom: Sickling of red blood cells, causes extreme pain in periphery, hyperbilirubinemia, shortness of breath
Treatment: Bone marrow transplant

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18
Q

Anemia

A

Cause: massive death of RBCs, lack of coenzymes necessary for RBC maturation
Symptoms: SOB, dizziness, weakness
Treatment: Replace vitamin deficiencies (B12)

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19
Q

Hemophilia

A

Cause: Inability to clot uncontrolled bleeding, due to a deficiency of platelets or inability to make them
Symptoms: uncontrolled bleeding, excessive bruising
Treatment: Replacement of platelets

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20
Q

Leukemia

A

Cause: overproliferation of leukocytes due to cancerous uncontrolled cell cycle
Symptoms: Decreased immune response, increased leukocytes in blood
Treatment: Bone marrow transplant, chemo

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21
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Cause: Genetic/lifestyle
Symptoms: Increased lipids in circulation
Treatments: Lifestyle change

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22
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Cause: Genetic component (increased uptake of iron from diet) and from RBC lysis
Symptoms: increased iron
Treatment: a phlebotomy to remove excess iron

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23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cause: Inflammatory response to radical fatty acids in the arteries
Symptoms: More turbulent blood flow through vessels, decreased cross-sectional area of vessels
Treatment: Exercise and proper diet by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL, stenting

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24
Q

Aneurysm

A

Cause: weakening of blood vessels, results in bulging outward from the vessel
Symptoms: generalized pain in region of aneurysm
Treatment: Mesh can be wrapped around to reinforce the vessel

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25
Stroke
Cause: Aneurysm, embolism blockage to vessels Symptoms: loss of consciousness, unilateral weakness of one side, loss of cognitive functioning Treatment: rapid response can greatly improve outcome
26
Murmurs
Cause: Congential heart valve problems Symptoms: abnormal heart sounds Treatment: New valves can be put in through surgery
27
Atrial Fibrillation
Cause: recreational drugs or ectopic pacemaker Symptoms: "fluttering" of atria due to improper electrical signals through cardiac tissue Treatment: aspirin or stent
28
Angioplasty
Method to replace blocked vessels by removing a vessel from the leg and sticked into place of one of the coronary arteries
29
EKG
Measures electrical behavior of the heart (reports rhythm, magnitude and direction of electrical impulses through the heart)
30
Fibrinolysis
Breakdown of clots and clotting cascade | Used to break down emboli to restore blood flow
31
Blood in Urine
Cause: UTIs, kidney infections, kidney stone Symptoms: pink urine Treatment: treat underlying condition
32
Ketoacidosis
Cause: body cannot use sugar properly for energy, excess kestones in blood end up in urine Symptom: High ketone levels in urine, high blood sugar Treatment: Insulin therapy
33
Glycosuria
Cause: Elevated blood glucose levels caused by diabetes Symptoms: high levels of glucose in urine Treatment: No specific treatment, but can be treated with insulin/diabetic medication
34
Proteinemia
Cause: high levels of protein in blood Symptoms: High levels of protein in urine, dehydration Treatment: ACE inhibitors
35
Polyuria
Cause: diabetes, renal failure Symptom: frequent urination in large volumes Treatment: Treat with antidiuretics (ADH and aldosterone)
36
Phenylketonurics (PKU)
Cause: Genetic disorder where body cannot metabolize amino acid phenylalanine Symptom: mental retardation, stunted growth, small head size Treatment: strick diet with limited phenylalanine intake
37
Amenorrhea
Cause: Hormonal dysfunction Symptoms: Loss of menses Treatment: No cure, but address problem (body fat %)
38
Breast Cancer
Cause: Unchecked cell proliferation of breast cells Symptoms: mass in the breast Treatment: cancer treatment (chemotherapy)
39
Cervical Cancer
Cause: HPV Symptoms: irregular cell growth of the cervix Treatment: Cancer treatment
40
Impotence/Erectile dysfunction
Cause: Psychological stress/damage to parasympathetic nervous system Symptoms: Inability to achieve an erection Treatment: Viagra, or testosterone
41
Prostate Cancer
Cause: Unchecked cell proliferation of prostate cells Symptom: increased frequency of urination with difficulty draining bladder, mass in prostate Treatment: prostatectomy
42
Vaginitis
Cause: bacterial/yeast infection Symptoms: Inflammation of the vagina Treatment: Treat the infection
43
Gonnorrhea
Cause: bacterial infection by Neisseria gonnorrhea Symptoms: Discharge, painful urination Treatment: Antibiotics
44
Syphilis
Cause: bacterial infection by Treponema palladum Symptoms: Ulcers Treatment: Antibiotics
45
Chlamydia
Cause: bacterial infection by chlamydia trachomatics Symptoms: Painful urination discharge Treatment: Antibiotics
46
Herpes
Cause: herpes virus 1 or 2 Symptoms: Painful pustules in genital area Treatment: No cure, anti-virals to prevent outbreaks
47
AIDS
Cause: Virus infection Symptoms: WBC count falls below 200/dL, decreased immunity Treatment: HAART cocktail that inhibits viral proliferation
48
Ectopic pregnancy
Cause: fallopian tube malformation that results in insemination outside fallopian tube Symptoms: severe pain, vaginal bleeding, internal hemorrhaging Treatment: surgical removal of ectopic fetus
49
Rh Negative Disease
Cause: Rh negative mother has Rh+ child, mothers antibodies destroying RBCs Symptoms: Jaundice, anemia Treatment: Blood transfusions
50
Group B strep
Cause: Group B streptoccous pyogenes infection of newborn Symptoms: scalded skin appearance Treatment: antibiotics
51
Gestational diabetes
Cause: variations in hormonal regulation in mother results in increasing circulation of levels of glucose/resistance to insulin Symptoms: Symptomatic during pregnancy Treatment: Insulin administration with dietary management
52
Preeclampsia
Cause: factors secreted by placenta into mother's systemic circulation Symptoms: high BP in pregnant women Treatment: Birth
53
Breach Baby
Cause: Baby doesn't proceed through birth canal in head first manner Symptom: Crown shows first, but anything else Treatment: Manipulate baby into more appropriate birthing position
54
Miscarriage
Cause: Stress hormones or malnutrition Symptoms: Can by asymptomatic with abnormally heavy flow, fetus must be passed in more developed pregnancies Treatment: None
55
Low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios)
Cause: Fetal track abnormalities Symptom: deficiency of amniotic fluid during pregnancy Treatment: Maternal hydration
56
Placenta previa
Cause: unknown causes Symptom: Displaced placenta, lethal for mother and child Treatment: Immediate surgical intervention
57
Cleft palate/cleft lip
Cause: Non-fusion of body's natural structures during gestation Symptom: failure of fusion of hard palate Treatment: Surgical intervention to repair malformed facial bones
58
Tetralogy of fallot
Cause: 4 heart defets that present together (associated with chromosome 22 deletions) Symptoms: Blue baby disease, low oxygenation of blood Treatment: surgical repair of malformation, beta blockers
59
Spina bifida
Cause: Incomplete closure of the vertebrae Symptoms: Visible spinal sac protruding out Treatment: Surgical intervention
60
Anencephaly
Cause: Spinal bifida, prevents normal development of brain and skull Symptom: The bones of the skull are also missing or incompletely formed Treatment: None, babies die within a couple hours
61
Down Syndrome
Cause: Trisomy 21 Symptoms: Impaired mental development, small stature, sunny disposition Treatment: No treatment
62
Edwards syndrome
Cause: Trisomy 18 Symptoms: Myriad of abnormal developmental defects occur (Heart, thoracic, abdominal cavity abnormalities) Treatment: No treatment
63
Chanchroid
Cause: Bacterial infection Symptoms: Painful sores Treatment: Antibiotics
64
Trichomaniasis
Protozoal infection by trichomanis vaginalis Symptoms: fishing smelling, green discharge, painful urination Treatment: Anti-protozoal medications

Anatomy Practicals (4 decks)

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