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neurophysiology > final exam Faruqui > Flashcards

final exam Faruqui Flashcards

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1
Q

many organs of the body contain smooth muscle, such as?

A 
walls of hollow organs
GI tract
bladder
uterus
ureters
blood vessels
eye muscles
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2
Q

fiber diameter of type 1/2 muscles

A

1 small

2 large

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3
Q

twitch (rise and fall) of type 1/2 muscles

A 
1 slow (100msec)
2 fast (7.5msec)
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4
Q

mitochondrial content of type 1/2 muscles?

A

1 high

2 low

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5
Q

oxidative enzyme activity of type 1/2 muscles

A

1 high

2 low

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6
Q

glycolytic enzyme activity of type 1/2 muscles?

A

1 low

2 high

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7
Q

myoglobin content of type 1/2 muscles

A

1 high

2 low

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8
Q

SR content type 1/2 muscles?

A

1 LOW

2 high

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9
Q

Capillary density of type 1/2 muscles

A

1 high

2 low

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10
Q

fatigue resistance of type 1/2 muscles?

A

1 very high

2 low

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11
Q

Functions of smooth muscle?

A 
Produce motility (propelling chyme)
Maintain tension (diameter of blood vessels)
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12
Q

what are the types of smooth muscles?

A

unitary

multiunit

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13
Q

what type of smooth muscle has gap junctions?

A

unitary

gap junctions permits fast spread of electrical activity

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14
Q

what is the spontaneous, slow wave activity of unitary smooth muscle called?

A

pacemaker activity

GI tract during perstalsis

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15
Q

what does hypoxia in the blood vessels cause?

A

vasodilation and thus relaxation of the smooth muscle

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16
Q

what also causes vasodilation as well as increased hydrogen atoms?

A

excess CO2

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17
Q

what is the unitary smooth muscle found in the gut walll, with slow rhythmic contractions and cells showing a Calcium A.P?

A

phasic smooth muscle

voltage sensitive Ca channels

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18
Q

what is the unitary smooth muscle found in arteries and encircles their walls,e exhibits continous contractions, not electrically excitable?

A

Tonic smooth muscle

contraction and relaxation play an important role in regulating blood flow

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19
Q

what are some examples of multiunit smooth muscle?

A 
iris of the eye
ciliary muscle sof the eye lens
vas deferens
pulmonary air passages
arrector pili muscles of hair follicles
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20
Q

what type of smooth muscle has no coupling between cells and each muscle fiber behaves as a single motor unit?

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

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21
Q

multiunit smooth muscle is innervated by what?

A

autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

thick myofilaments of the smooth muscle contains what?

A

myosin

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23
Q

thin filaments of smooth muscle are composed of?

A

actin and tropomyosin only

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24
Q

smooth muscle does not have transverse tubules, as they are replaced by?

A

Caveoli

The SR is also less developed than in skeletal or cardiac muscle

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25
what are varicosities?
bulges within motor nerve fibers of both types of smooth muscle
26
in smooth muscle, as action potential travels down the motor nerve, neurotransmitter is released from where?
synaptic vesicles stored in these varicosities
27
depolarization of the smooth muscle action potential opens?
Voltage-gated Ca2 channels in the membrane
28
how else can Ca2+ enter the cell in the smooth muscle membrane?
Ligand Gated channels
29
another mechanism Ca2+ can be released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is? how is it opened?
``` Inositol triphospate (IP3)-gated Ca2+ release channels (opened by hormones and neurotransmitters) ```
30
a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration prompts binding of Ca2+ to?
Calmodulin protein, which can bind 4 Ca2+ ions
31
what binds to, and activates myosin-light-chain-kinase?
Ca2+ calmodulin complex
32
how does the activation of kinase phosphorylates myosin filament happen?
phosphorylated myosin binds to actin to form cross bridges, producing muscular contraction and tension
33
how many ATP molecules are utilized for each cross bridge of phosphorylated myosin?
1 ATP
34
what triggers myosin to be dephosphorylated by myosin-light-chain-phosphatase?
when the Ca2+ concentration decreases inside the muscle cell
35
Myosin and actin may not detach immediately due to?
latch-bridge mechanism
36
what are the benefits of the latch-bridge mechanism?
can remain bound bound without energy (steady tonic level maintained) -very fatigue resistant
37
muscle fibers relax when the Sarcoplasmic reticulum re-accumulates Ca2+ via the?
Ca2+ ATPase, thus lowering the sarcoplasmic (cytoplasmic) Ca2+ concentration
38
what are calcium channel blockers and their effect on the heart
disrupts the movement of calcium (Ca2+) through calcium channels. - decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension. - CCBs are particularly effective against large vessel stiffness, one of the common causes of elevated systolic blood pressure in elderly patients. - used to alter heart rate, to prevent cerebral vasospasm, and to reduce chest pain caused by angina pectoris.
39
skeletal V. smooth | resting membrane potential
smooth -50 to -60mV -activated by neurotransmitters, hormones, and stretching skeletal -70 to -90mV -activated by neurotransmitters only
40
skeletal v> smooth | cycling of cross-bridges
``` smooth= slow skeletal= fast ```
41
skeletal v. smooth | onset of contraction and relaxation
``` smooth= long skeletal= short ```
42
smooth v. skeletal | force of contraction?
``` smooth= high skeletal= low ```
43
smooth v. skeletal | percent of shortening?
``` smooth= high skeletal= low ```
44
smooth V. skeletal | latch mechanism for prolonged holding
``` smooth= great skeletal= less ```
45
smooth V. skeletal | energy requirement
``` smooth= low skeletal= high ```
46
incidence and cause of urinary bladder hypertrophy?
common in aged men | benign or cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland---> obstruction of the bladder outlet
47
clinical manifestations of urinary bladder hypertrophy?
micturation problem bladder distension impaired emptying diminished ability of bladder muscles to contract
48
characteristics of atherosclerosis?
- artery wall thickens due to build up of cholesterol, TGs - Lesions due to hypertension, diabetes,smoking-----> decrease blood/O2 to heart and brain - causes heart attack
49
what is an ischemic stroke?
-decrease in blood to brain due to embolism or obstruction
50
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
accumulation of blood in the brain
51
characteristics of cardiac muscle?
striated (like skeletal muscle) | -branched, connected by gap junctions va intercalated discs (unlike skeletal muscles)`
52
what is the syncytium?
the group of cardiac cells that comprise the 2 atria and 2 ventricles that act like 1 cell
53
what do the gap junctions in the cardiac muscle allow?
allows the action potential to spread to both atria at once, causing a simultaneous contraction
54
where are the T-Tubules located in the cardiac muscle?
located at the Z-disc level
55
in cardiac muscle Ca2+ comes from what two sources?
ISF | Cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
56
when Ca2+ comes from ISF what happens?
Voltage gated Ca2+/Na+ (slow) channels allow Ca2+ to diffuse into cardiac muscle cells from interstitial fluid
57
when Ca2+ come from the cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, where does it release to?
release into sarcoplasm
58
what is the sustained depolarization of the cardiac cells is termed what?
plateau phase
59
depolarization does not produce contraction, unless what enters the cell?
Ca2+ entering through voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels
60
repolarization of the cardiac cells is caused by what?
outward diffusion of K+ through voltage-gated K+ channels
61
relaxation of the heart muscle occurs because?
Ca2+ is actively transported from the sarcoplasm into both SR and the interstitial fluid
62
characteristics of muscular dystrophy?
-muscles degenerate, lose strength, and are replaced by adipose and fibrous tissue -Erb Duchenne Incidence-1 in 3500 male live births ages 2-10
63
symptoms of muscular dystrophy?
- muscles degenerate, lose strength and are gradually replaced by adipose and fibrous tissue - hip, leg, abdominal muscles are affected - child falls frequently - scoliosis (muscles shorten then they atrophy)
64
causes of muscular dystrophy
defect in production of dystrophin - a large protein that links T-Tubules to sarcolemma Defect in Ca channels of SR allowing Ca ions to leak uncontrollably---> activate phospholase
65
incidence of the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis?
usually in women ages 20 to 30 | men ages 50-60
66
symptoms of myasthenia gravis
facial muscles affected first drooping eyelids double vision difficulty-swallowing, chewing, talking
67
cause of myasthenia gravis?
antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions, bind to ACH receptors in clusters
68
treatment of myasthenia Gravis?
cholinesterase inhibitors- make more ACH available
69
incidence of Fibromyalgia?
15x more common in women than men
70
symptoms of Fibromyalgia?
tender spots, pain, tenderness, stiffness of muscles, tendons and surrounding connective tissues
71
cause of fibromyalgia?
aggravated by physical or menta stress, trauma, exposure to dampness or cold, poor sleep
72
treatment of fibromyalgia?
gentle aerobic fitness program in beneficial
73
what is a synapse?
- connection where info is transferred between a nerve fiber and another - communication might be electrical or chemical
74
describe electrical type of synapse?
very fast current flow through gap junctions | -facilitate simultaneous/coordinated contractions in cardiac/ visceral muscles
75
describe chemical synapse?
tiny gap called a synaptic cleft -chemicals are released into cleft, Action potential can only release chemicl, it has no direct impact on presynaptic cell
76
what does each branch of a motor nerve fiber end in?
a bulbous enlargement called a synaptic knob
77
the synaptic knob fits snugly in a depression on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber called the?
motor end plate

neurophysiology (1 decks)

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