Final exam FC Flashcards
There were two Polio vaccines, what is the main difference? How many people were accidentally injected with Polio?
- Attenuated live virus (weakened engineered virus)
- Dead virus (wasn’t dead and about 10,000 people got injected with this vaccine and contracted Polio)
What enzyme is responsible for cleaning up cellular debris in the lungs?
Trypsin
Trypsin is always_____.
What molecule keeps this enzyme in check?
active, but it’s activity is low and kept in check by alpha-1 antitrypsin.
1 in every 3,000 people have an inherited deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin. What are these people a good candidate for?
They are great candidates for lung transplants. This can buy them about another 30 years of life.
What are three things we talked about in class that can lead to chronic emphysema?
- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- smoke
- liver disease
Where is alpha-1 antitrypsin synthesized?
in the liver
What happens to Ferrous iron (Fe2+) in conditions of high oxidative stress?
It gets oxidized to Ferric iron (Fe3+) –> loses an e-
How much of our Hb is made up of Ferric iron? What significance does this have?
1.5% of our Hb is Ferric. This is why our SaO2 is 97.4% (Hb saturation from arteriolar sample)
What enzyme is responsible for reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+?
methemoglobin reductase (adds an e-)
If you have the sickle cell trait what can you do to reduce severity of symptoms?
Limit physical activity.
What causes sickle cell anemia?
The sickled RBC’s get stuck in the capillaries, eventually these RBC’s get pulled out of circulation and the body has to make new ones leading to anemia
What are two treatment options for sickle cell anemia?
- Transfusion of donor blood
- Hydroxyurea drug
How does Hydroxyurea work?
It turns on the fetal genes –> produces fetal Hb instead of the defective sickled Hb
What does sickle cell disease effect w/ regards to O2 and CO2 and Hb binding?
O2 is not released to the tissues where it is needed. Similarly, CO2 buildup can occur as is not able to bind to and get carried away by the Hb.
Sickle cell trait is beneficial how? (Why it is still lingering in the gene pool)
It is resistant to malaria
What is HbA1C?
acetylated Hb. Excess sugar can stick to Hb (A for adult and 1C is the position where the extra sugar hangs out)
How much of our Hb is occupied by carbon monoxide? HbCO?
about 1 %
unless you smoke or work at an auto shop, then it can be higher
Bicarb is a______ conjugate base than ____ is an acid…
stronger
CO2
Why do patients with emphysema lose their drive to breathe if they have a high Hb saturation?
Their chemical receptors are looking at changes in pO2 to make pH adjustments since the body is chronically acidotic (high pCO2 and low pH)
Why do we not use ALL the alveoli ALL of the time?
Why do we sigh/ yawn?
minimizes exposure to environmental irritants and alveolar damage
to open up or recruit alveoli that are not consistently used and disperses surfactant
How often does the average adult sigh?
12-15x per hour
If you have a really bad brain injury what areas can get physically separated and lead to apneustic breathing?
physical separation between the pons and the medulla
