final exam IDs

Question 1

Árbenz

Answer 1

President of Guatemala (1951–1954)

Land reform angered U.S./United Fruit

Overthrown by CIA (PBSUCCESS)

Start of Cold War coups in Latin America

Question 2

María Vilanova de Árbenz

Answer 2

First Lady of Guatemala

Supported Árbenz’s reforms

Lived in exile after 1954 coup

Symbol of female resistance to U.S. intervention

Question 3

Carleton Beals

Answer 3

U.S. journalist critical of U.S. imperialism

Interviewed Sandino in Nicaragua

Exposed intervention to U.S. audiences

Early anti-imperialist voice

wrote “A Skeptic Views the Good Neighbor Policy,” 1938 (147)

one of few us jounalists whohas a favorable view on augusto sandinos

critic of good neighbor policy

Question 4

Carmen Miranda

Answer 4

Brazilian performer used in U.S. propaganda

Promoted Good Neighbor Policy

Reinforced stereotypes of Latin Americans

Soft power during WWII

‘The Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat,” 1941-1943 (153).

Question 5

Juan José Arévalo

Answer 5

Guatemala’s first democratic president

Promoted social reforms, anti-communist

Paved way for Árbenz

Challenged elite and U.S. interests

“The Shark and the Sardines,” 1961 (230).

Question 6

C. Wright Mills

Answer 6

American sociologist who publicly supported the Cuban Revolution and criticized U.S. foreign policy in Latin America.

believed the Cuban revolution stemmed from inequality and U.S. exploitation, not Soviet influence.

Wrote “Listen, Yankee” which presented the Cuban perspective to American readers.

Question 7

Controlled Penetration

Answer 7

CIA tactic used in Latin America to covertly infiltrate and influence domestic institutions like labor unions and media

used during 1954 Guatemalan coup to destabilize Jacobo Árbenz’s support base

CIA infiltration of local groups (e.g., unions)

Used in Guatemala 1954 coup

Non-military method of control

Covert Cold War strategy

Question 8

Anastasio Somoza García

Answer 8

U.S.-backed Nicaraguan dictator

Ordered Sandino’s assassination

Created Somoza dynasty

Aligned with U.S. during WWII/Cold War

Question 9

Fulgencio Batista

Answer 9

Cuban dictator established a U.S.-supported dictatorship marked by corruption and repression

close ties with American businesses and organized crime fueled inequality and discontent.

overthrown by Castro

Question 10

26th of July Movement

Answer 10

led by Fidel Castro, launched the Cuban Revolution to overthrow Batista’s dictatorship using guerrilla warfare

promised land reform and national independence, challenging U.S. influence on the island

Triggered U.S. opposition to Cuba

Question 11

PBSUCCESS

Answer 11

1954 CIA-led coup that overthrew Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz

staged by US supported military leader Carlos Castillo Armas

used psychological warfare and covert military support to destabilize the Guatemalen government

Question 12

Juan Bosch

Answer 12

elected President of the Dominican Republic in 1962 after Trujillo’s dictatorship but was overthrown in a 1963 military coup for his progressive reforms.

when he tried to restore his presidency, the US intervened via military ot prevent what they saw as a communist takeover

his breif presidency is an example of how the US prioritized anti-communism over democratuc legitimacy

Question 13

Rafael Trujillo

Answer 13

brutal dictator of Dominican republic backed by US due to his strong anti-communist stance.

he was trained by the US marines during the ocuupation of the dominican republic in 1916, the US military also trained the National Police in the DR to maintain order after their departure.

his assasination in 1961, created political instability, leading to US military intervention.

Trujillos rule is an example of how the US backed authoritarian leaders who aligned wit US geopolitical interests

Question 14

Dulles Brothers

Answer 14

Allen Dulles (CIA Director) and John Foster Dulles (Secretary of State) were key architects of Cold War interventionism, including the 1954 Guatemalan coup

financial ties to the United Fruit Company and saw Latin American nationalism as a threat to U.S. security

Mixed business with Cold War policy (strategy of containment)

The Dulles brothers symbolize how U.S. ideology and economic motives drove intervention in Latin America.

Question 15

Inter-American Peace Force

Answer 15

give legitimacy to the U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic

U.S. sent Marines to stop a perceived communist uprising, then pushed other Latin American countries to join

The force illustrates how Cold War fears justified military involvement under the guise of hemispheric cooperation.

Question 16

Bay of Pigs

Answer 16

failed CIA operation to overthrow Fidel Castro’s government in Cuba using Cuban exiles

reinforced Castro’s rule and pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union

highlighted the risks of covert intervention

invasion deepened U.S.–Cuba hostility and led to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Question 17

Salvador Allende

Answer 17

President of Chile in 1970

first Marxist to gain power through democratic elections in the Americas

His policies of nationalizing industries and land reform alarmed the U.S., which worked covertly to destabilize his government.

overthrown in a 1973 military coup backed by the CIA

his fall reveals US unwillingness to tolerate socialism

Question 18

Alliance for Progress

Answer 18

Kennedy’s aid plan to stop communism

Promoted reform and development

Limited success due to elite resistance and limited US commitment

Question 19

The Office of Public Safety

Answer 19

The Office of Public Safety (OPS) was a U.S. program launched in the 1960s.

It trained Latin American police to fight crime and stop communism.

President Kennedy believed strong policing would support economic growth and stability.

It also spread U.S. anti-communist ideas, which led to local police using force to silence political opponents.

CIA, “Teaching Sabotage,” ????

Question 20

João Goulart

Answer 20

Brazil’s left-leaning president who was overthrown in a 1964 U.S.-supported military coup

promoted labor rights, education reform, and land redistribution, which triggered fears in Washington of a communist turn.

Ousted by U.S.-backed coup

Replaced with military rule

U.S. opposed his social programs

highlighting U.S. efforts to suppress leftist reforms even at the expense of democracy.

Question 21

Kennan Corollary

Answer 21

George F. Kennan, “A Realist Views Latin America,” 1950 (186).

believed U.S. should support stable, often authoritarian regimes in Latin America to contain communism.

emphasized control over ideological alignment

views hsaped cold war policy - encouring interventions to prevent leftist movements

marked a shift from the good neighbor policy to a more agressive stance rooted in national security

Question 22

Haydée Santamaría

Answer 22

foudning member of Cuba’s 26Th of July Movement.

fought alongside castros forces and later led Casa de Las AMericas.

her life refelcts womens active roles in revolutionary movements and resistance to us backed dictatorships.

Question 23

Che Guevarra

Answer 23

argentine marxist who helped lead cuban revolution

militant ideaology, major figure in cold war

Che Guevara, “Two, Three, Many Vietnams,” (251)

Question 24

Castillo Armas

Answer 24

led US backed coup in guatemala in 1954 that overthrew Arbenz

With help from the CIA, he took power, ended land reforms, and banned left-leaning groups to please the U.S.

His rule led to years of violence and civil war.

shows how the U.S. used local leaders to keep control in Latin America.

Question 25

Contras

Answer 25

In 1981, the U.S. government approved a plan (National Security Decesion document) to help Nicaraguans, called the Contras, overthrow the Sandinista government. trained and armed by the U.S. mission was similar PBSUCESS but this time it was done openly President Reagan called them “freedom fighters,” but they were known for violence like killing farmers, torturing civilians, and attacking schools. Reagan denied the abuse and kept supporting them.

Question 26

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Answer 26

FDR introduced the Good Neighbor Policy in the 1930s, promoting non-intervention and respect for Latin American sovereignty promoted mutual respect and non-intervention, pulling U.S. troops out of places like Haiti and Nicaragua helped latin american countries, like Cuba, feel more independent even though the US used bts influence FDR’s approach marked a change in tone, focusing on friendship and cooperation.

Question 27

Augusto César Sandino

Answer 27

Sandino was a Nicaraguan rebel leader in the 1920s–30s. He fought against U.S. military occupation using guerrilla tactics. In 1934, he was killed by the U.S.-trained National Guard. He became a symbol of anti-imperialist resistance and inspired the Sandinistas movement in 1979.

Question 28

Doctrine of Non-Intervention

Answer 28

a pillar of the Good Neighbor policy to improve lat american relations about how countries shouldn’t interfere in each other’s affairs. instances like in Guatemala, when the CIA helped overthrow President Jacobo Árbenz, and Chile when the U.S. supported a military coup against President Salvador Allende broke this promise shows the **disconnect** between the US words and their actions

Question 29

The Chilean Path to Socialism

Answer 29

President Salvador Allende’s plan to bring socialism through peaceful and democratic methods in the early 1970s. worked to nationalize industries and give land to the poor. The U.S. government feared his success and secretly worked to weaken his leadership. In 1973, a U.S.-backed military coup removed Allende, ending Chile’s peaceful experiment with socialism.

Question 30

Audrey Seniors

Answer 30

female african American activist during the Reagan era who critized U.S. foreign policy in Latin America her piece “Solidarity,” condemned the U.S. for funding wars abroad while cutting domestic programs affecting Black communities argument connected race, class, and imperialism, showing how Cold War interventions hurt both Latin Americans and marginalized groups in the U.S. represnets internal resistance to US militarism

Question 31

How to Read Donald Duck

Answer 31

How to Read Donald Duck (1971) was written in Chile by Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart to show how Disney comics spread U.S. capitalist and imperialist ideas. The book argued that the comics made Latin Americans see themselves as dependent and the U.S. as strong and superior. After the 1973 Chilean coup, Pinochet’s regime destroyed thousands of copies, but the book still became a best-seller and symbol of cultural resistance. Using a Marxist lens, the authors exposed how U.S. media promoted inequality and control through seemingly harmless entertainment.

Question 32

Jimmy Carter

Answer 32

focused on human rights in U.S. foreign policy. He reduced aid to brutal regimes in Argentina and Nicaragua and signed treaties to return the Panama Canal. Despite this, his administration still backed anti-communist governments when Cold War tensions increased. His policies showed a change in tone, but Cold War goals often came first.

Question 33

Rum and Coca-Cola

Question 34

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs