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TRI 4 - CP > Final exam info > Flashcards

Final exam info Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe medullary rhythmicity

A

Maintains basic rhythm

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2
Q

Describe the pneumotaxic area

A

Stimulates expiration

Keeps lungs from overfilling

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3
Q

Describe the apneustic area

A

Activates inspiration

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4
Q

Describe COPD

A

Chronic airflow obstruction

Minimally reversible

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5
Q

Describe emphysema

A

Enlargement and destruction of alveoli

Develops gradually from irritants like smoking

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6
Q

Describe the pathology of emphysema

A

Loss of elastic and gas exchange properties of the acini

Formation of bullae a blebs

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7
Q

What are some SS for emphysema

A

Dyspnea
Cough
use of accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing
Barrel chest, digital clubbing

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8
Q

Describe centrlobar emphysema

A

Involves respiratory bronchioles

Associated with smoking

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9
Q

Describe panlobar emphysema

A

all acini are affected

Associated with antitrypsin deficiency

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10
Q

Describe paraseptal emphysema

A

Involves alveoli along the peripheral septa and lung pleura

Associated with spontaneous pneumothorax

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11
Q

Describe irregular emphysema

A

Occurs around scars

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12
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis

A

Genetic disorder causing Cl ion transporters to become defected leading to increased secretions of bodily fluids

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13
Q

What are some medications used to treat CF

A

Oxygen
Antibiotics
Mucolytics
Bronchodilators

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14
Q

What surgery can be done for CF patients

A

Double lung transplant

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15
Q

What PT can be done for CF patients

A

Airway clearance techniques
Inspiratory muscle training
Aerobic and strength training

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16
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

Presence of gas in the pleural space

Causes lung to collapse on the affected side

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17
Q

What are some SS for pneumothorax

A

Acute dyspnea
Acute pleuritic chest pain
absent or diminished breath sounds
tracheal deviation

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18
Q

What are some treatments for Pneumothorax

A

Oxygen
Chest tube drainage
Incentive spirometry

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19
Q

Describe primary pneumothorax

A

No underlying cause

Seen in young, tall, thin men

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20
Q

Describe secondary pneumothorax

A

Associated with COPD, blebs, bullae

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21
Q

Describe traumatic pneumothorax

A

Gun shot wound
knife wound
Rib fracture

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22
Q

Describe tension pneumothorax

A

Air enters the plural space and cannot escape
Increasing pressure causes the lungs to collapse
Medical emergency

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23
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism

A

Floating thrombus that lodges in pulmonary artery
Often from a DVT
Passes through right heart to lodge in pulmonary circulation

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24
Q

Describe the pathology of a pulmonary embolism

A

Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
Death may occur rapidly

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25
What are some SS of pulmonary embolism
Rapid onset of dyspnea Pleuritic chest pain anxiety, apprehension, restlessness
26
What are some treatments for pulmonary embolism
Prevention of DVT's Anticoagulant drugs Thrombolytic drugs Surgery
27
What are some general characteristics of restrictive lung diseases
Lung expansion is restricted | Difficulty getting air in
28
What are some general characteristics of obstructive lung pathologies
Weakening, narrowing, obstruction of airways Difficulty getting air out Air trapped in the lungs
29
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute onset of respiratory failure PaO2 <60 mmHG PaCo2 > 55 mmHG Results from acute extensive lung inflation
30
Describe the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Diffuse alveolar damage | Extensive inflammation
31
What are some treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome
Ventilation in ICU Corticosteroids to manage inflammation Catecholamines to increase BP and CO
32
What is bronchiectasis
Permanent dilation and destruction of bronchi caused by destruction of elastic and muscular components of bronchial wall
33
What are some SS of bronchiectasis
Cough, small to large amounts of purulent sputum | Crackles, hemoptysis
34
What is asthma
Airways hypersensitive to various stimuli Can be life threatening Reversible
35
Describe the pathology of asthma
Inflammation, smooth muscle spasm, bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus production
36
What are some SS of asthma
``` Dyspnea Wheezing Chest tightness Cough Impaired PFT ```
37
What are some medical managements of asthma
Bronchodilators Anti-inflammatories Glucocorticosteroids Leukotriene modifiers
38
What is chronic bronchitis
Chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa | Caused by smoking, pollutants, infections
39
Describe the pathology of chronic bronchitis
Inflammation Hypersecretion of mucus Ciliary dysfunction Bronchial hyperreactivity
40
What are some SS of chronic bronchitis
``` Dyspnea Use of accessory muscles Pursed lip breathing Digital clubbing Decreased breath sounds ```
41
What are some signs of distress during weaning
``` > 30 breaths per minute HTN Tachycardia Increased use of accessory muscles Agitation Respiratory acidosis ```
42
What are some indications for respiratory distress
``` Increased respiration rate Nasal flaring Intercostal and sternal restrictions Visible expression of distress increased use of neck and accessory muscles Paradoxical breathing ```
43
Describe the relationship between CPAP and BIPAP
BIPAP preferred over CPAP | CPAP is better for obstructive sleep apnea
44
Describe an aerosol mask
Used to give meds | Controls amount of air 10-12L/min
45
Describe a venturi mask
Draws air into the space with a narrowed orifice | Considered high flow
46
Describe a non rebreather mask
Allows for delivery of higher concentrations of oxygen | Patient must be able to breath unassisted
47
When might nasal cannulas not be suitable
During acute exacerbations of COPD
48
Define tachypenia
Greater than 30 breaths per minute
49
What are some SS associated with respiratory or metabolic acidosis
Mental status change | Hyperkalemia
50
What are some SS associated with respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
Neuromuscular excitability | Hypokalemia
51
What are some SS associated with acidosis or alkalosis from caused by metabolic reasons
GI disturbances
52
What are the normal lab values to look out for what they mean when they are abnormal when identifying metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
PH - A (7.35-7.45) B Co2 - B (35-45) A Bicarbonate - A (22-26) B
53
How do you treat respiratory acidosis
Improve ventilation Intermittent positive pressure breathing Postural drainage
54
How do you treat respiratory alkalosis
Sedation Voluntary breath control Change mechanical ventilation
55
How do you treat metabolic acidosis
Treat cause of acid accumulation Give bicarbonate Give insulin Dialysis
56
How do you treat metabolic alkalosis
replace fluid loss Give K or Cl as needed Stop suctioning Give acid substance
57
Describe inspiratory muscle training
Strengthens the inspiratory muscles | Makes it easier for people to breathe
58
What diagnoses will benefit from inspiratory muscle training
Asthma Bronchitis Emphysema COPD
59
Describe expiratory muscle training
patients forcefully expire into a device | Strengthens expiratory and submental musculature
60
What factors determine diffusion rate
Pressure gradient and solubility
61
What are normal lung PFT values
FEV1 = 4L FVC = 5L Fev1 / FVC = .75 - .8
62
What are PFT values for Obstructive lung disease
FEV1 = 1.8L FVC = 3.4L Fev1 / FVC =
63
What are PFT values for restrictive lung disease
Fev1 - reduced FEV - reduced Fev1/ Fev = > .80
64
How do you improve ventilation perfusion with patient positioning
Have the patient lay on the ipsilateral side
65
How do you progress patients in rehab
Increase reps / time then load / intensity
66
Describe some symptoms of left sided heartfailure
Dry cough Fatigue Pulmonary rales
67
Describe some symptoms of right sided heart failure
Dependent edema Jugular distension Increased right atrial pressure Peripheral effects
68
Describe cor pulmonale
Pulmonary HTN secondary to pulmonary diseases | Can cause right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure
69
What is TV
Tidal volume | Air moved at rest
70
What is IR
Inspiratory reserve | Max amount inhaled above tidal
71
What is ER
Max amount we can exhale below tidal
72
What is RV
Residual volume | Amount of air left in the lungs below, expiratory reserve
73
What is TLC
Total lung capacity | Combination of all 4 volumes
74
What is IC
Inspiratory capacity | Tidal and inspiratory reserve
75
What is FRC
Functional residual capacity | expiratory reserved and residual
76
What is VC
Vital capacity | Expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, tidal volume
77
What conditions would present with bronchophony
Pneumonia | Atelactasis
78
What are the contraindications for postural drainage
``` CHF Pulmonary edema Raised ICP Airway aspiration Unstable head or neck injury ```
79
What are the contraindications for percussion
``` Bleeding disorders Rib fractures Flail chest Osteoporosis Open wounds and surgery Pneumothorax Pregnancy ```

TRI 4 - CP (4 decks)

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