Final Exam Multiple Choice Flashcards
(70 cards)
Stages of psychosexual development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s are…
Psychosocial
In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists…
Believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was…
Erik Erikson
Who was Milton H. Erickson?
Known for brief psychotherapy and hyponsis
Who is William Perry
Associated with adult cognitive development; especially college students
Known for dualistic thinking - common to teens who views things as either good or bad, right or wrong
Who was Robert Kegan?
Model stresses interpersonal development - billed as a constructive model of development which means that individuals constrict reality throughout the lifespan;
Suggested six stages of life span development - also holding environment
What are Jean’s four stages in order?
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as…
his findings were often derived from observing his own children
What is conservation?
Derived from Piaget’s theory: refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape - this is mastered during concrete operations stage (age 7-11)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Leading theorist in moral development; expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development
Lev Vygotsky
Pioneered the zone of proximal development, which describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor; Insisted that stages unfold due to educational intervention rather than naturally
Reversibility
From Piaget’s third stage: The notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
Egocentrism
From Piaget’s second stage:conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else
How many levels of morality does Lawrence Kohlberg suggest? What are they?
Three: Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional (each level can be further broken down into two stages)
What is the Heinz story?
Used by Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual
Identity crisis
Term used by Erik Erikson - in an attempt to find out who they are, adolescents will experiment with various roles
Preconventional
Kohlberg’s first level: child responds to consequences; reward and punishment greatly influence behavior
Conventional
Kohlberg’s second level: individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation; desire to conform
Postconventional
Kohlberg’s third level: concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights - felt most people do not reach this level; self-imposed morals
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erik Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development
Integrity vs. Despair
Erik Erikson’s 8th and final stage of psychosocial development: usually occurs around age 60; an individual who has successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwile
Maturation
Behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment (Freud and Erikson both fall under this category)
John Bowlby
Most closely associated with bonding and attachment; he asserted that conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
Described object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment
