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AUDE 5140 > final exam new info > Flashcards

final exam new info Flashcards

1
Q

temporal processing

A

allows us to test the ability of the auditory system within the domain of time
-temporal resolution
-temporal ordering

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2
Q

temporal resolution / temporal discrimination

A

shortest period of time over which the ear can discriminate between two signals
-tracking changes

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3
Q

what’s another name for temporal discrimination

A

temporal resolution

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4
Q

how to test temporal resolution

A

gap detection and TMTF

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5
Q

what is gap detection

A

detecting the gap between two sounds

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6
Q

how is temporal resolution assessed using a gap detection task

A

plays two sounds and over time shorted the silent gap between them
-important for speech perception

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7
Q

TMTF

A

temporal modulation transfer function
-ability to detect amplitude modulation in a sound

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8
Q

how is TMTF used to asses a modulated noise

A

good at detecting changs in amplitudes at low rates
-the higher the frequency, the greater depth is needed to hear the difference

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9
Q

modulation rates vs. modulate depth

A

how many per a amount of time vs. the depth between peaks

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10
Q

at what modulation rate is the auditory system able to detect changes in an amplitude modulated signal?

A

2-3 msec

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11
Q

temporal ordering

A

the ability to process auditory stimuli in their order of occurrence
-process sound in the way we receive it

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12
Q

temporal ordering is important for _______ perception

A

speech

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13
Q

how is temporal ordering assessed?

A

present stimulus to patient in which they need to repeat in the order it was received
-words are varied by one letter (pit, pet, pot, pat)

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14
Q

how does presentation duration affect absolute threshold

A

if presentation is too short, the threshold will be higher than the actual threshold

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15
Q

temporal integration

A

ability of the auditory system to add up information over time up to a critical duration

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16
Q

minimum presentation length of a pure tone to ensure valid testing

A

200 msec

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17
Q

how does presentation duration affect loudness perception

A

over time, loudness appears not as loud

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18
Q

loudness adaptation

A

when loudness perception diminishes over presentation time
-more prevalent near threshold

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19
Q

pitch

A

perceptual attribute of sounds that allows them to make a melody and to be perceived on a scale from low to high

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20
Q

place model for pitch perception

A

based on spectral representation
-frequency vs. amplitude

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21
Q

temporal model for pitch perception

A

based on the waveform representation

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22
Q

place code

A

based on place of maximal stimulation within the cochlea
-single tone is one point
-complex tone if the spacing of peaks

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23
Q

temporal code

A

based on pattern of neural firing
-includes phase locking
-individual fibers will not fire at every spot but there will be a fire at every location

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24
Q

phase locking

A

tendency of a neuron to fire at a particular phase

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25
Q

phase-locking applies up to __________ Hz

A

3000-5000

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26
Q

T/F : a doubling of frequency results in a doubling of pitch perception

A

false

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27
Q

T/F : pitch perception is affected by intensity

A

true

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28
Q

what role does pitch perception play in understanding speech in noise

A

supports auditory scene analysis
-helps within detecting what noise to follow based on the perceived pitch
-brain used pitch to follow various sounds

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29
Q

frequency selectivity

A

the ability to perceive separately multiple components of a complex sound
-ability to detect various parts of the sound

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30
Q

psychoacoustic masking

A

a listener’s sensitivity for one sound is affected by the presence of another
-one sound in presence of another sound is adjusting the presence perception of it
-within cochlea

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31
Q

partial masking

A

sound is perceived as softer but still audible

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32
Q

masker

A

sound increasing threshold of other sound
-it is what is adjusting the other sound

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33
Q

test signal (probe signal or maskee)

A

sound being listened for
-sound being masked

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34
Q

amount of masking

A

the amount of dB in the threshold that is shifted

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35
Q

how to identify the amount of masking is presented with a graph showing threhsolds in quiet

A

the amount of threshold shift

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36
Q

tone-on-tone masking curves

A

look at the box and find the frequency you are trying to mask at the bottom line of all graphs (x-axis). trace that bottom frequency amount up to the masking line and if masking occurs, trace over to y-axis to find amount of masking.

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37
Q

3 factors that influence masking

A

intensity of the masker, relationship between the spectral characteristics of the masker and signal, and temporal characteristics of the masker

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38
Q

upward spread of masking

A

lower frequencies will mask the higher frequencies due to location on the basilar membrane
-lower frequencies are located near the apex and as they spread outward they will begin to mask the higher frequencies

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39
Q

why do we not see significant downward spread of masking

A

on the basilar membrane, higher frequencies are located near the base and therefore they will not be able to stretch to the higher frequencies to cause masking

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40
Q

fletcher’s critical bandwidth experiment

A

questions of interest : how much of white noise actually contributes to the masking of a tone?
-how would you test this?
continue testing more and more bandwidth amounts until the threshold shifts and once it stops, that the point it not longer affects it
shifts up to a point until there is no longer the ability to mask

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41
Q

central masking

A

interaction in binaural auditory pathways
-masker presented to one ear can cause a threshold to shift for a signal at the other ear
-central auditory pathways
-different ears

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42
Q

temporal masking

A

masking may occur when the masker and test signal do overlap in time
-sequential
-neural pathway
-same ear

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43
Q

backward masking

A

tone followed by noise

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44
Q

forward masking

A

noise followed by tone
-can shift threshold if too close in time

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45
Q

cochlear dead regions

A

loss of IHC
-sounds at that frequency will not be converted to a neural signal

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46
Q

on frequency with cochlear dead regions

A

responds at the best frequency or CF
-takes place at point of maximum displacement

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47
Q

off frequency with cochlear dead regions

A

responds at a different spot then intended to respond
-takes place at a place other than the point of maximum displacement

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48
Q

how can masking a noise determine if a threshold reflects on or off frequency

A

-if masking interferes with threshold it was off frequency
-if masking did not interfere with threshold, you had on frequency

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49
Q

binaural fusion

A

separate signals from each ear are perceived as a single, fused auditory image
-both ears get sound, but you are only hearing one thing

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50
Q

binaural summation

A

how the auditory system adds together what it is receiving
-improvements of around 3 dB in detection, discrimination, and speech understanding when using both ears

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51
Q

imagine you have a patient with symmetrical hearing loss. they come to your office wearing one hearing aid because the second one is broken. they tell you that the overall volume is comfortable with one hearing aid in. you fix their other hearing aid and set it so both hearing aids have the same settings. will the set of hearing aids still be comfortable or will adjustments need to be made? (connect to binaural summation)

A

it would be too loud because it was fine with just one and when you add the second one, the system sums together the information so it would be at a higher level.

52
Q

azimuth

A

horizontal plane
-0 degrees at face, 90 degrees at the right side, 180 degrees at the back

53
Q

elevation

A

vertical or medial plane
-0 at face, 90 at the top of the head, 180 at the back of the head

54
Q

sound localization

A

being able to detect where sound is coming from based on the sound arriving to a certain ear first

55
Q

how does sound localization occur in a horizontal plane

A

interaural time differences and interaural level differences

56
Q

interaural level differences (ILD’s)

A

size of the difference between the two ears as they receive sound at a various starting point
-seen within high frequencies (above 1500 Hz)
-in comparison between each ear in regards to the loudness of the sound in dB
-at 0 azimuth, no ILD
-at 90 azimuth, biggest ILD will occur

57
Q

interaural time differences (ITD’s)

A

as the sound goes around the head, the WL is larger so it continues to move around and it is measuring the phase difference of the cycle at each ear
-low frequency cue (below 1500 Hz)
-at 0 azimuth, ITD is zero
-at 90 azimuth, it is greatest

58
Q

how does monaural auditory system localize sound in vertical or medial plane

A

head related transfer function

59
Q

head related transfer function (HRTF)

A

describes the spectral characteristic of sound as measured at the TM when sound source originates in 3D space
-difference based on elevation
-need a braodband signal or noise

60
Q

binaural advantages for hearing in noise

A

reduces effects of noise
-better ear effect
-binaural squelch
-masking level difference
-echo suppression/precedence effect

61
Q

signal to noise ratio

A

relationship between desired target (signal) and noise (anything that is not the target)
-SNR = signal level - noise level

62
Q

better ear advantage

A

better SNR in ear closest to the signal
-up to 8 dB advantage

63
Q

binaural squelch

A

performance improves due to including the second ear with poor SNR
-when you use better ear along with the other ear
-3 to 5 dB advantage

64
Q

masking level difference

A

can reduce the effects of noise to enhance perception of signal
-diotic : same stimulus to both ears
-dichotic : different stimulus presented to each ear

65
Q

resonance

A

one object vibrates at the same natural frequency of a second object forces that second object into vibrational motions

66
Q

free vibration

A

force is applied one time and object oscillates at its natural frequency

67
Q

forced vibration

A

object is forced to vibrate by a vibrating outside source

68
Q

why does the range of hearing differ for different animal species based on ossicle size

A

due to the size of ossicles, we do not hear all frequencies the same
-the smaller the ossicles, the more high frequencies you will have
-smaller ossicles can vibrate faster

69
Q

distortion

A

changes in sound
-not always bad or unwanted

70
Q

frequency distorition

A

frequencies change as they go through a system
-the frequency is attenuated after passing through a system

71
Q

transient distortion

A

how sound changes based on the presentation duration
-can result in spectral splatter

72
Q

what is another name for transient distortion

A

temporal

73
Q

amplitude distortion

A

distortion that occurs when the output is not a linear function of the input
-happens within nonlinear systems

74
Q

harmonic distortion

A

refers to harmonics of the signal that are present in the output that were not present in the original stimulus
-results in amplitude distortion

75
Q

intermodulaltion distortion

A

similar to harmonic distortion but with a complex periodic signal
-output spectrum is more complicated

76
Q

what is the main difference between harmonic and intermodulation distortion

A

harmonic is one sound and intermodulation is multiple (complex) sounds

77
Q

ramping (rise and fall time)

A

rise time : time to reach full amplitude
fall time : time to go from full amplitude to zero

78
Q

what is the minimum time for rise AND fall times

A

20 msec
-for each

79
Q

what is the minimum signal duration

A

200 msec

80
Q

spectral splatter

A

result of transient distortion
-unwanted frequency components in a plot
-the little bump appearance next to the main signal

81
Q

a shorter duration will result with a ______ splatter

A

broader

82
Q

sound propagation

A

sequence of waves of pressure which travels through a medium

83
Q

inverse square law

A

further from the source, more disburse the sound goes
-area is greater from the source, and if we measure at source and further from source the spot at the source will be 1/4 of the new spot
-applies for intensity

84
Q

how to calculate sound intensity using the inverse square law

A

intensity / step from source squared
-ex. 3rd step would be intensity /3^2

85
Q

how does a dB SPL value change with a doubling of distance from the source

A

for every doubling of distance, subtract 6 dB

86
Q

transmission

A

when sound goes from one medium to another
-occurs when mass and elasticity of the medium are similar

87
Q

reflection

A

when sound bounces off of an object
-inflection and reflected wave

88
Q

inflection vs. reflected wave

A

original wave from source vs. the reflected wave

89
Q

what occurs when a wave hits a convex surface? concave surface?

A

scatter with convex and gather with concave

90
Q

diffraction

A

when sound is encountering an object or opening
-dependent on the size of opening and size of obstacle

91
Q

what occurs if the size of an opening is small relative to the wavelength?

A

the sound will scatter as if the opening is a new source

92
Q

what occurs if the size of an opening is large relative to the wavelength?

A

the sound will continue straight on through without scattering

93
Q

what occurs if the size of the obstacle is small relative to the wavelength?

A

the sound waves will scatter around the object

94
Q

what occurs if the size of the obstacle is large relative to the wavelength?

A

the object will cast a sound shadow
-the space behind obstacle remains untouched with sound

95
Q

absorption

A

energy is dissipated within the material
-good absorbers : soft and rough surfaces
-poor absorbers : hard, dense, and smooth surfaces

96
Q

sound field

A

a region within a medium where sound waves are moving around or are being propagated
-the area where sound is

97
Q

near field

A

this is within one wavelength of the source
-remember, inverse square law will not hold here

98
Q

far field

A

the field beyond the near field
-starting at the one wavelength point

99
Q

free field

A

where sound wave travels without obstruction
-inverse square law can be used here

100
Q

diffuse field

A

where there are reflections present
-cannot use inverse square law here

101
Q

doppler effect

A

how the pitch changes according to the sound source movement
-as source moves closer, there will be a higher pitch (WL compressing)
-as source moves away, there will be a lower pitch (WL elongating)

102
Q

what is a standing wave

A

wave that appears to stand still as a result of two sound waves in an enclosed area propagating in different directions
-areas of double frequency and zero frequency (as a result of being 180 out of phase or in phase)

103
Q

why are standing waves of potential concern in audiology

A

calibration issues when the ear canal is involved, hearing aid measurements, and within sound field testing

104
Q

if you increase the length of a tube, you _________ the resonant frequency

A

lower

105
Q

if you decrease the length of a tube, you __________ the resonant frequency

A

increase

106
Q

dB HL to dB SPL

A

add table value to HL for SPL

107
Q

dB SPL to dB HL

A

subtract table value from SPL for HL

108
Q

dB SL

A

sensation level
-difference between presentation and individual threshold
-SL = presentation - individual threshold

109
Q

what is ANSI

A

american national standards institute
-standards organization for things such as calibration

110
Q

boyle’s law

A

pressure and volume are inversely proportional
-increase volume, pressure decreases
-decrease volume, pressure increases

111
Q

why are RETSPL values different for different transducers

A

the amount of space between the transducer and the ear drum is different and because this volume is different (more you have, less pressure you have) you need a different volume

112
Q

immittance

A

how well energy flows through a system

113
Q

impedance

A

opposition to energy flow

114
Q

admittance

A

ease of energy flow

115
Q

3 components of impedance

A

stiffness reactance, mass reactance, and acoustic resistance

116
Q

stiffness reactance

A

opposition to low frequencies
-large stiffness will have difficulty vibrating slowly

117
Q

mass reactance

A

opposition to high frequencies
-large mass will have difficulty vibrating quickly

118
Q

acoustic resistance

A

opposition of energy flow
-frequency independent

119
Q

what happens with mass reactance and stiffness reactance at a systems natural frequency

A

these values are equal, so they cancel out

120
Q

a narrowly tuned curve is ….

A

less resistant and an efficient generator of sound

121
Q

a broadly tuned curve is …..

A

more resistant and an efficient transducer of sound

122
Q

what would cause low frequency hearing loss

A

increase of stiffness

123
Q

what could cause high frequency hearing loss

A

increase of mass
-such as an earplug in the ear canal

124
Q

what is the perceptual quality of amplitude or intensity

A

loudness

125
Q

what is the perceptual quality of frequency

A

pitch

126
Q

what is the perceptual quality of time

A

duration

AUDE 5140 (3 decks)

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