Final Exam New Material

Question 1

organisms that live burrowed into 1-2 inches of the sea floor, within the bottom most oceanic sediments ex/ worms

Answer 1

Infauna

Question 2

live on surface of the sea floor ex/ sea cucumber (deposit feeder)

Answer 2

Epifauna

Question 3

tiny animals that live in the sediment particles, between the grains. They feed on small particles or dissolved organics matter or bacteria

Answer 3

Meiofauna

Question 4

larger animals that graze the meiofauna

Answer 4

Macrofauna

Question 5

cold loving

Answer 5

Psychrophilic

Question 6

pressure loving

Answer 6

Barophilic

Question 7

how life adapts to deep sea environment

Answer 7

• adaptations to pressure
• adaptations to cold
• adaptations to dark

Question 8

what are the deep sea communities

Answer 8

1) hydrothermal vents
2) cold/methane seeps
3) whale falls.

Question 9

the breakdown of ocean substrates by living organisms

Answer 9

bioerosion

Question 10

move up and down with the tide in order to stay with sediment that is moist but not turned over by wave action

Answer 10

swash-riding

Question 11

the accumulation of sediment on the surface from burrowing and desiccation of infauna

Answer 11

bioturbation

Question 12

hardbotom communities

Answer 12

1) rocky intertidal
- vertical zonation
2) subtidal photic zone
- kelp forst- rocky bottoms of subtidal
3) deep hard bottom

Question 13

highly effective, uses a mesh net. Size is variable depending on what size fish.

Answer 13

gill net

Question 14

long line floating or demersal angling or hand line

Answer 14

hook and line

Question 15

drug by a boat. Used to capture schooling fish like tuna.

Answer 15

bottom otter trawl

Question 16

the largest number or weight of a species that can be removed from the stock of animals without impacting the long-term stability of the population. This is based on the fishery stock

Answer 16

sustainable yield

Question 17

number of species in a given area

Answer 17

population size

Question 18

measure of the amount of fishing ex/ hours of fishing spent per day

Answer 18

fishing effort

Question 19

the amount of fish that are allowed to be fished from year to year, assuming that environment conditions are the same.

Answer 19

sustainable catch

Question 20

major effects of overfishing

Answer 20

• change of the food web
• jellyfish bloom
• destruction of kelp forest
• affect genetic diversity

Question 21

The application of farming techniques to the growth and harvesting of marine organisms. Fish farming

Answer 21

mariculture

Question 22

how to use salt and water from the ocean

Answer 22

-extraction to table salt
-sea water distilation
-mineral resources
-mineral deposit in oceans as fossil fuels
REVERSE OSMOSIS TO GENERATE SALT FROM PRESSURE

Question 23

perpetual energy source and how they are used

Answer 23

something that is not consumed by human use

1) tidal energy
2) temperature gradient (OTEC)

Question 24

The concentration of pollutants or toxins in higher trophic levels of a food chain

Answer 24

biological magnification

Question 25

– Enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrient, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorous or both- fertilizer run off and creates algal blooms and death of animal life from lack of oxygen. – Nutrient pollution- coliform bacteria

Answer 25

eutrophication

Question 26

ecological effects of an oil spill

Answer 26

- absorbant blooms | - oil eating microbes

Question 27

effects f global warming

Answer 27

- changes in species distribution - changes in pH - effects on coral reefs

Question 28

the study of the historical process that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distribution of individuals.

Answer 28

phylgeography

Question 29

the total number of species in a region is the result of a net balance between the rate of species production and the rate of extinction

Answer 29

species extinction balance

Question 30

how to conserve marine biodiversity

Answer 30

- eco labeling - marine reserves - restoration of habitats by transplantation of key species and artificial reefs - estimating diversity

Question 31

separation by a big physical barrier between the two species. when they have a chance to come back together they can not breed

Answer 31

allopatric

Question 32

type of allopatrick when one of the isolated populations has very few individulas (Founder effect)

Answer 32

peripatric

Question 33

doesnt igknowledge geological separation. individuals are more likely to mate witht heir geographic neighbors than with individuals in a different population

Answer 33

parapatric

Question 34

when a new species evolves from a single ancestral species while in the same geographic region

Answer 34

sympatric