Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology of Addiction > Final Exam Nicotine > Flashcards

Final Exam Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

Nicotine:

A

the Psychoactive Ingredient in Tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tobacco is the dried leaves of __, which grows in North and South America

A

nicotiana tobacum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tobacco leaves are dried and processed into forms that can be (3)

A

smoked (cigarettes, pipes, cigars)
chewed (chew)
snorted (snuff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tobacco use can be traced back __ years in both North and South America

A

8,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

By __, tobacco was a major US export

A

1630

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

per capita cigarette consumption varies widely across countries, with the US falling in __

A

the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the highest rates of smoking in the US are in the __ and __

A

lower Midwest

South

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The same states with the highest rate of smoking also have some of the ___

A

shortest life expectancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

although chewing tobacco, cigars, and pipe tobacco once comprised significant categories of use in the US, __ now predominate

A

cigarettes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tobacco smoke contains (3)

A

nicotine
carbon monoxide (CO)
tar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tar:

A

is the residual substance left after nicotine is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tar contains various (3)

A

toxins
carcinogens
tumor-initiating agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

although cigarette use continues to decline, alternative administration routes __are now common, especially among young people

A

(vaping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vapors from e-cigs contain far fewer carcinogens, but can yield more __

A

sustained, higher nicotine blood plasma levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Societal Costs of Tobacco Use
__% of all people ages 12 and older have engaged in tobacco use
__% have engaged in cigarette use
__ million people are cigarette dependent at any given time (point prevalence)
__ billion in tobacco-related medical costs are incurred each year

A

67.5
62.8
22.9
$170

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false? smoking is the leading cause of preventable death

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

___ people (equivalent to almost 1/2 of Columbus) die each year from smoking-related illnesses

A

480,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

__ million people are living with a disease caused by smoking

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

smokers die, on average, over __ years earlier than non-smokers

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

both smoking and second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy are associated with several adverse outcomes, including (5)

A 
low birth weight
childhood ADHD and conduct problems
asthma
SIDS
vulnerability to drug use in adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

until recently, vaping was considered safer, but in 2019, ___ cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) have been reported
__ deaths confirmed
causes are not fully understood, but all patients have vaping histories
__ is present in most but not all samples

A

1,604
34
THC

22
Q

nicotine use induces (6)

nicotine also has mild pain-reducing qualities

A 
mild euphoria
increased energy
heightened arousal
reduced stress
anxiolytic effects (reduce anxiety)
reduced appetite
23
Q

anxiolytic effects means

A

reduce anxiety

24
Q

Behavioral Effects of Nicotine (5)

A 
improved attention
shortened reaction time
better problem solving
improved cognition
increased heart rate and blood pressure
25
Q

inhaled cigarette and e-cig vapors reach the brain within __

A

8 seconds

26
Q

True or false? almost all nicotine is delivered through the lungs

A

true

27
Q

There are large individual differences in blood plasma nicotine observed from the same dose. Those who are addicted maintain ___ throughout the day. Different tobacco preparations yield ___

A

high blood levels of nicotine

different blood concentration curves

28
Q

Prevalence of smoking rises sharply from ages ___ to ___

Rates fall slowly across adulthood

A

12 (2%) to 17 (28%)

29
Q

About __% of adolescents who try smoking become daily smokers within 4-5 years

A

50

30
Q

Those who smoke __ cigarettes per day for at least __ years NEVER return to light smoking

A

15 or more

2

31
Q

Nicotine abstinence syndrome refers to

A

withdrawal effects after prolonged use

32
Q

There are 2 types of symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome what are they?

A

somatic and affective symptoms

33
Q

somatic symptoms (4):

A

bradycardia (slowed heart rate)
gastrointestinal discomfort
increased appetite
weight gain

34
Q

affective symptoms (5):

A 
depression
irritability
dysphoria
anxiety
difficulty concentrating
35
Q

Many of these symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome result from ___ in the mesolimbic DA system

A

dopamine depletion

36
Q

Koob et al. (2014) state that acute withdrawal lasts up to __ days, but longer timeframes are reported by heavy smokers—especially __

A

30

women

37
Q

As with other DA agonists, cravings can last up to __

A

6 months

38
Q

Nicotine replacement therapy is only about __% effective at one year

A

25

39
Q

___, an NDRI antidepressant, can be up to __% effective; it increases midbrain DA levels and blocks the psychoactive effects of stimulants, including nicotine

A

bupropion (Wellbutrin)

50

40
Q

Bupropion (Wellbutrin), an NDRI antidepressant, can be up to 50% effective; it increases __ DA levels and blocks the __ of stimulants, including nicotine

A

midbrain

psychoactive effects

41
Q

Neurobiological Effects: Nicotine is a ____

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist

42
Q

nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist) families are expressed throughout the brain and body (3)

A

muscles: α1, β1, ϒ, δ, ε
central nervous system: α2-α6, β2-β4
β2 especially important for reinforcing effects

43
Q

In nAChR expression, __ is especially important for reinforcing effects

A

β2

44
Q

neuronal nAChRs activate other neurons by opening __ and through other mechanisms

A

calcium ion channels

45
Q

animals will self-administer nicotine, but their break point is much __ than for __

A

lower

cocaine

46
Q

nicotine has analgesic (pain-reducing) effects, likely through activation of __ and __receptor subunits, which increase __ in the NAcc

A

α4β2
α7 nAChR
opioid peptide levels

47
Q

at low doses, nicotine facilitates __ in rats; and at high doses, it __

A

social behavior

dampens such behavior

48
Q

Nicotine’s acute reinforcing effects occur through __ in the __ (VTA, NAcc) via the β2 subunit

A

dopamine release

mesolimbic DA system

49
Q

Nicotine’s acute reinforcing effects occur through dopamine release in the mesolimbic DA system (VTA, NAcc) via the __

A

β2 subunit

50
Q

The VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area) has nAChRs on __ cell bodies and dendrites of __

A

both

DA neurons

51
Q

β2 knockout mice will __

A

not self-administer nicotine

52
Q

Nicotine administration raises __ (α7) and reduces __ (α4β2) in the VTA, which increases __

A

glutamate levels
GABA levels
DA release

Psychology of Addiction (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions