final exam practice Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
4 basic tissue types
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
2
Q
epithelial tissue
A
covers body surface and lines cavities/organs
3
Q
connective tissue
A
supports, binds, transports, immunity
4
Q
muscle tissue
A
contraction (movement)
5
Q
nervous tissue
A
conducts electrical impulses
6
Q
unicellular embryonic tissue layers
A
- single celled or cellular aggregates
- very little cellular specialization
- ‘Protists’
7
Q
Diploblastic organization embryonic tissue layers
A
- cells organized into rudimentary tissues
- two embryonic cell layers
*ectoderm (Gr. ektos, outside + derm, skin)
→ epidermis
*endoderm (Gr. endo, within)
→ gastrodermis (gut lining)
8
Q
Triploblastic Organization embryonic tissue layers
A
- three embryonic cell layers
*ectoderm
→ epidermis
*endoderm
→ gastrodermis (gut lining)
*mesoderm
→ bulk of body tissues
9
Q
Coelom
A
body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
10
Q
three tripoblastic patterns
A
Acoelomate animals, Pseudocoelomate animals, and Coelomate animals
11
Q
Protostomes
A
- spiral cleavage
- blastopore develops into mouth
- schizocoelous coelom
- trochophore larva
12
Q
Deuterostomes
A
- radial cleavage
- blastopore develops into anus
- enterocoelous coelom
- no trochophore larva
13
Q
Protist evolution
A
- all groups present by Cambrian period
- polyphyletic
- unicellular
14
Q
protist asexual reproduction
A
binary fission, schizogony, budding
15
Q
protist sexual reproduction
A
- variation among taxa
- gametes produced by haploid individuals
- meiosis occurs shortly following fertilization (zygotic meiosis)
- sex unknown in some forms (ex. amoebozoa)
16
Q
Protist Supergroup Excavata
A
- ‘excavated’ feeding groove
- phytoflagellated/zooflagellated
- many modified mitochondria and are anaerobic
- several pathogenic to humans
- important marine primary producers
17
Q
Protist Supergroup Amoebozoa
A
- feed and move using pseudopodia
- generally lack supporting structures
- consume particles via phagocytosis
- sexual reproduction unknown
18
Q
Protist supergroup Rhizaria
A
- amoeboid, but not sister group to Amoebozoa
- some have filopodia or axopodia
19
Q
Protist supergroup Alveolata
A
- highly variable (dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa, and ciliates)
- all have plastid (or secondarily lost)
- all have stacked vesicles (alveoli) below plasma membrane
20
Q
Metazoa common features
A
- multicellular animals
- presence of (mono)flagellated cells
- mitotic aster apparatus
- cell junctions
- proteins associated with movement and other functions
- likely monophyletic
21
Q
Phylum Porifera Characteristics
A
- asymmetrical or radial symmetry
- 3 cell types: pinacocytes, choanocytes, and mesenchyme cells
- body with central cavity or series of branching chambers
- supporting structures ‘spicules’
- no tissues or organs
22
Q
ecological roles of phylum Porifera
A
- water filtration
- source of food
23
Q
Phylum Porifera reproduction
A
sexual and asexual
asexual: most common in freshwater, gemmules, amoeboid cells re-organize into sponge
sexual: mostly monoecious, asynchronour male/female function, choanocytes undergo meiosis and produce gametes, planktonic larvae
24
Q
Phylum Cnidaria characteristics
A
- radial or biradial symmetry
- bipoblastic tissue organization (acoelomates)
- gastrovascular cavity
- nerve net
- cnidocytes
- mostly marine
25
Phylum Cnidaria hydrostatic skeleton use
- provides support and functions in movement
- fluid-filled sheath
- surrounded by muscle
26
Cnidarian class Hydrozoa
small, common, mostly marine
27
Cnidarian class Scyphozoa
marine, true jellyfish, medusa stage dominant
28
Cnidarian class Cubozoa
"box jellyfish", tentacles suspended from corners of cuboidal medusa
29
Cnidarian class Anthozoa
marine, medusa absent, gastrovascular cavity divided by 'mesentaries' containing gonads/cnidocytes, "zooxanthellae"
30
Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) characteristics
- diploblastic (possible triploblastic)
- biradial symmetry
- cellular mesoglia containing muscle cells
- gastrovascular cavity (with anal opening)
- nerve net
- eight cilia-bearing comb rows
- colloblasts
- monoecious, external fertilization, ciliated larva
31
Phylum Platyhelminthes characteristics
- no universal defining features (paraphyletic?)
- Acoelomate; mesodermally derived parenchyma tissue
- bilateral symmetry; some degree of cephalization
- incomplete gut; no respiratory or circular systems
- Protonephridia (excretion, osmoregulation)
- monoecious with internal fertilization
32
Phylum Platyhelminthes class Turbellaria characteristics
- free-living flatworms
- benthic and freshwater (a few terrestrial)
- mobility due to circular and longitudinal muscle fibres and cilia on ventral surface
- predatory
- polyphyletic = not a valid taxon
33
Monoecious reproduction
during copulation sperm is
deposited into copulatory sac of partner. Sperm
moves to genital chamber and moves through
oviducts where fertilization occurs
34
Phylum Platyhelminthes class Trematoda
- parasitic 'flukes'
- 2 subclasses (Digenea and Aspidogastrea)
- several species medically important
35
Phylum Platyhelminthes class Monogenea
- mostly ectoparasites of fishes 'gill flukes'
- direct life history
36
Phylum Platyhelminthes class Cestoidea
- tapeworms
- highly specialized gut parasites of vertebrates
- anatomically simple (secondarily)
- intermediate host(s) in life cycle
37
Phylum Mollusca
- snails, bivalves, octopus, squids, etc.
- triploblastic, coelomates
- morphologically variable but clearly united
- trochophore larvae
- open circulatory system (except cephalopods)
38
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
- snails, slugs, limpets
- aquatic (marine and FW) and terrestrial
- intermediate hosts for important parasites
39
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda reproduction
- most egg-layers; some dioecious, broadcast spawners
- others monoecious
- a few livebearing species
- most marine forms have trochophore larva which develop into veliger larva
40
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
- mussels, oysters, clams, scallops
- aquatic (marine and FW), mostly sedentary
- important food source
41
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia reproduction
- most dioecious
- some monoecious
- gametes usually expelled through exhalant opening (external fertilization)
42
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
- octopus, squids, nautilus, ammonites
- marine
- foot modified into circle of arms/tentacles and funnel shaped siphon
- head in line with visceral mass
- mantle muscular; surrounds body
- closed circulatory system
43
Phylum Annelida
- "segmented" worms
- most marine
- body metameric
- paired epidermal setae
- closed circulatory system
- ventral nerve cord with dorsal suprapharyngeal ganglia
- protonephridia or metanephridia
44
Annelid reproduction
- mostly dioecious
- fertilization internal or external
- gametes released from coelom via nephridia or through body wall
- trochophore larva
45
Annelid clade Errantia
- mostly marine
- parapodia with prominant lobes/setae
- mobile predators
-Eversible proboscis with "jaws"
- some bioluinescent
- mostly semelparous
46
Annelid clade Sedentaria
- marine tubeworms, beardworms, spoon worms, clitellata
- marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats
- parapodis reduced or lacking
- Setae associated with body wall directly
47
Annelid clade Sedentaria - tubeworms
- tubes parchment-like, calcareous, or cemented sand grains. Others are burrowers
- many are filter feeders. Featherdusters have arm-like radioles (ciliated)
48
Annelid clade Sedentaria - beardworms
- deepwater marine habitats
- no mouth or gut
49
Annelid clade Sedentaria - Clitellata
- earthworms and leeches
- lack parapodia
- Setae anchored in body wall
- clitellum present
- monoecious, without larval stage
50
Phylum Nematoda
- "roundworms" (in X-section; no circular muscles in body wall)
- unsegmented, pseudocoelomate
- layered collagenout cuticle
- generally lack cilia
- excretory system containing renette cells
- taxonomy unsettles
- Ubiquitous and abundant
51
Nematode ecology
- enormous diversity and abundance
- many roles (ex. decomposers, predators, parasites)
- present in almost all conceivable places
- regulate soil bacteria and fungal populations, hense are associated with nutrient cycling
52
Phylum Arthropoda
- cuticle consists of chitinous exoskeleton
- possibly first land animals
- Ecdysis associated with growth
- metameric and tagmatic body plan
- paired, jointed appendages
- open circulatory system
- hemocoel
- ventral nervous system
- metamorphosis common
53
Arthropod exoskeleton use
- support, protection, water conservation, muscle attachment points
- Chitin (mostly)
- secreted by epidermis (hypodermis)
54
Hemocoel
- internal cavity; part of open circulatory system
- derived from blastocoel
- facilitates exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases
- coelom reduced
55
Phylum Arthropoda subphylum Trilobitomorpha
- dominant during Cambrian to permian; not extinct
- flattened body
- biamous appendages
56
Phylum Arthropoda subphylum Chelicerata
- spiders, mites, ticks, horseshoe crabs
- first paired appendages are chelicerae; second pair are pedipalps
- first land animals
- body with 2 tagmata: prosoma and opisthosoma
57
Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida
- spiders, mites and ticks, scorpions, harvesters
- excretion via coxal glands or Malpighian tubules
- book lungs or trachea
- Dioecious, direct development, elaborate courtship in some
58
Phylum Arthropoda subphylum Myriopoda
- primitive body plan
- 2 tagmata
- one or 2 pairs of legs per body segment
59
Crustaceans
- not valid taxonomic group (paraphyletic)
- antennae always in 2 pairs
- biamour appendages
- dominant in aquatic habitats
60
Crustacean class Malacostraca
- shrimps, lobsters, crabs, isopods, amphipods
- 2 body regions: cephalothorax (sensory and feeding tagmata fused with locomotory magma), and abdomen (visceral and locomotor function)
61
Crustacean class Copepoda
- copepods
- cylindrical body and median ocellus
- first antennae modified for swimming (enlarged)
- dominant in northern oceans; critical to food webs
62
Crustacean class Branchiopoda
- fairy shrimp, brine shrimp, waterfleas
- mostly fresh water
- leaflike respiratory appendages
- some seasonally pathenogenetic
63
Arthropod Subphylum Hexapoda
- 3 tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen
- 5 pairs of appendages on head (antennae and mouth parts
- 3 pairs of appendages (legs) on thorax; one or two pairs of wings
64
Arthropod Subphylum Hexapoda class insects
- huge diversity (and sometimes abundance)
- one pair of antennae
- gas exchange via trachea system; Malpighian tubules (excretion)
- 30 orders, characterized by mouth parts
65
phylum echinodermata
- sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, crinoids
- all marine, present at all depths
- Deuterostomes (radial, indeterminate cleavage, anus from blastopore)
- Pentaradial symmetry; bilateral larva
- water vascular system
- Calcareous ossicles derived from mesoderm
- Nervous system including nerve ring, radial nerves, and nerve net
66
pentaradial symmetry
- body parts in fives around oral-aboral axis
67
phylum echinodermata class Ophiuroidea
- branched/unbranched arms
- dermal branchiae and pedicellariae absent
- tube feet lack suction discs and ampullae
- Madreporite on oral aspect
- water vascular system not used for movement
- ambulacral groove closed by aboral ossicles
-no extensions of gut into arms
68
Phylum Hemichordata
- acorn worms and pterobranchs
- deuterostomes
- body in 3 parts: proboscis, collar, trunk
- tripartite coelom
- open circuclatory system
- ciliated pharyngeal gill slits
- dorsal nerve cord (sometimes hollow)
69
Phylum Chordats
all have 5 features:
- notochord
- dorsal, hollow nerve tube
- pharyngeal slits
- postanal tail
- endostyle
70
evolution of jaws
- derived from gill arches
middle ear bones derived from same arches
- paired appendages appear to have similar derivation but from different gill arches
71
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Myxini - Hagfishes
- jawless, vertebrae lacking, notochord persists in adult
- no paired fins
- no larval stage
- lateral glands secrete copious volume of slime
72
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Petromyzontida - Lampreys
- jawless, sucker-like mouth with rasping structures
- no paired fins, rudimentary vertebrae
- ammocoete larval form
- some predatory, others filter feeders throughout life
73
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Ostracodermi
- jawless, many without paired fins, heavily armoured head
- arose, and went extinct during Paleozoic era
74
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Placodermi
- early jawed fishes, armoured head/trunk, paired fins
- arose and went extinct in Paleozoic era
75
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Chondrichthyes
- jaws present, paired fins, cartilaginous endoskeleton
- placoid scales, true teeth in jaws
- sharks, skates, rays, Holocephali
76
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Sarcopterygii
- fleshy lobes at base of fins
- usually have lungs and modified circulatory system
- 3 groups, 2 still alive
77
Phylum Chordata (Fishes) - Actinopterygii
- bony endoskeleton, operculum, lung/swim bladder
- bony scales of various types
- fins supported by bony spines and/or rays
78
most diverse vertebrate group
fish
79
Phylum Amphibian order Gymnophiona
- legless, burrowers, occupy most tropical areas
- eyes covered by skin
- larvae often retained in oviduct and emerge after metamorphosis
80
Phylum Amphibian order Caudata
- retain tail throughout life; limbs unspecialized
- most occur in northern hemisphere; most have aquatic larvae
- internal fertilization without copulation; spermatophores
- Plethodontidae highly terrestrial; lungless
81
Phylum Amphibian order Anura
- Adults lack tails; tail vertebrae fuse to form urostyle
- hindlimbs long and powerful
- most inhabit moist habitats, some dry habitats
82
Amphibian Digestion
- adult carnivorous; juviniles omnivores
- muscular tongue with mucus glands
- pedicellate teeth
83
Amphibian gas exchange
- lungs simple with buccal pump ventilation (no diaphragm)
- lungs supplemented or replaced by gills or cutaneous respiration
84
Amphibian circulation
- one ventricle; atria partially/completely split
- three aortic arches
- valve in conus arteriosis controls blood flow to lungs or systemic vessels
- well developed lymphatic system with contractile vessels
85
Amphibian reproduction
- in anurans, fertilizationusually external with larval form
- 90% of salamanders have internal fertilization (spermatophores)
- metamorphosis controlled by pituitary/thyroid
- some species have direct development or are paedimorphic
86
Amphibian Coordination
- Tripartite brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
- highly visual
- middle ear with tympanum and columella
- lateral line system (in aquatic juveniles)
87
Class reptilia - Amniotes
- amniotic egg (4 membranes)
- water-resistant skin
- claws (keratin)
- enhanced neck mobility
- limb articulation
- efficiant kidneys
- efficiant respiratory system
88
Class reptilia - Amniotes skeletal features
- highly ossified
- dermal elements (turtles and others) in contrast to endochondral bone
- secondary palate
- cervical vertebrae
- ribs modified (turtles and snakes)
- two or more sacral vertebrae anchor pelvic girdle to vertebral column
- skull fenestrae
89
Skull fenestrae function in reptiles
- allow for increased muscle mass, therefore stronger biting force
90
reptile kidney function
- kidney specialized for water recovery
- uric acid excretion
- water sometimes stored in urinary bladder
91
reptile respiratory function
- lining of lung fikded into alveoli
- Trachea supported by cartilaginous rings allowing negative pressure pump ventilation
- most reptiles create negative pressure by posterior movement of ribs and body wall expansion
- crocodiles and mammals have diaphragm
92
Reptile Diversity – Sphenodontia (tuatara)
- formerly diverse throughout mesozoic
- akinetic skull
-acrodont teeth (rootless)
- parietal eye
- two (?) species restricted to isolated new zealand islands
93
Reptile Diversity – Squamata (lizards/snakes)
- kinetic skulls (especially snakes)
- six lizard clades
- Amphisbeanians are legless lizards
- 2 major snake clades
- highly variable venoms in snakes
94
Reptile Diversity – Testudines (Turtles)
- carapace (fused ribs, vertebrae, and dermal bones)
- Plastron (fused pectoral girdle and dermal bone)
- keratin beak (no teeth)
95
Reptile Diversity – Crocodylia (Archosaurs)
- most extinct
- Thecodont teeth
nonprotrusible tongue
- muscular tail
- four chambered heard, diaphragm
96
Birds - general features
- anatomical similarity to reptiles
- sole group of extant amniotes that have feathers
- several skeletal features associated with flight
- endothermy and high metabolic rate
- highly efficient respiratory system
- horny bill (no teeth)
- internal fertilization and hard-shelled eggs
- extended parental care provided to young
97
avian similarities to reptiles
- single middle ear ossicle
- single occipital condyle
- air spaces in bones
- nucleated red blood cells
- feathers
- aspects of nesting and parental care
- muscular gizzard
98
Theropods
- dinosaur ancestors of birds
- light hollow bones, generally carnivorous, not well known
- numerous species had feathers
99
skeleton build for flight features
- light but strong long bones
- some skull bones eliminated
- uncinate process
- furcula (fused clavicles attached to sternum)
- sternum expanded for muscle attachment
- long pelvis fused to vertebral column
- fusion of bones in wrist/hand and caudal vertebrae
100
Uniquely mammalian features
- hair
- placenta
- mammary glands
- specialized teeth (heterodont)
- three middle ear ossicles
- *endothermy*
101
Mammary glands
- glandular cells in lobules secrete complex mixture containing proteins, fats, carbohydrate, and minerals
102
mammalian skeleton features
- vertebral column with 5 regions: cervical, thoracic, lumber, sacral, caudal
- spine dorsoventrally flexible
- appendages directly below body
103
mammalian skull features
- derives jaw articulation
- 2 occipital condyles
- secondary palate (convergent with reptilian structure)
104
mammalian teeth features
- heterodont teeth (also thecodonts): incisors, canine, premolars, molars
- variable dental formula
- diastema common in herbivores
105
mammalian circulation
- four-chambered heart
- fetal circulation largely bypasses lungs (gas exchange in placenta)
- red blood cells non-nucleated
106
mammalian respiratory exchange
- lung lining folded into alveoli
- diaphragm present
107
mammalian excretion
- metanephric kidney
- nitrogenous waste excreted as urea
108
mammalian coordination
- brain and sensory development consistent for active nocturnal life style
- olfactory, auditiory, and locomotory centers highly developed
- visual center generally poorly developed; poor colour vision
109
mammals - Prototheria (monotremes)
- cloaca present
- lay hard shelled eggs
- young fed milk
110
mammals - metatheria (marsupials)
- viviparous
- "yolk sac placenta"
- very short gestation; young suckle in marsupium
- mostly Australian; adaptive radiation into many guilds
111
mammals - Eutheria (true placentals)
- viviparous
- extraembryonic membranes in placenta are different than those of marsupials
- placenta has more intimate contact with uterine wall; counter-current exchange
112
metamorphosis types and meanings
ametabolous (direct development - eggs turn directly to mini adults), hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis), and holometabolous (complete metamorphosis)
