Final Exam Prep Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What is the purpose of sport according to the participation-inclusion human rights perspective?
A
- Everyone can play
- Emphasis on process, not outcome
- Participation valued over competition
- Connection to other and to self
2
Q
What is the purpose pf sport according to fair competition and performance?
A
- Emphasis on besting opponents
- By definition, requires an equal starting position (necessity of categorization)
3
Q
What is the tension between the two perpectives of sport?
A
A concern between fair competition and inclusive practice
Prioritizing fair competition could result in the exclusion of people who are trans, intersex, etc., which would undermine the principle of inclusive practice
4
Q
What are the three values for social cohesion and participant wellbeing?
A
- Solidarity
- Equity
- Integrity
5
Q
What does the value of solidarity mean?
A
We need each other. Sport has a social purpose and we should ensure that others can participate, even if this means taking extraordinary steps
6
Q
What does the value of equity mean?
A
All humans are equal in dignity. Special attention should be given to needs of historically marginalized groups.
(Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: section 15 implications)
7
Q
What does the value of integrity mean?
A
People with gender diverse bodies are whole and OK the way they are!
Honesty, openness, ethical actions.
8
Q
What are other persistant gender inequalities in sport?
A
- Olympics: number of events, with 30 more events for men than women (2012)
- Women’s uniforms sexualized
9
Q
What are some tenets of the competiton and fariness model?
A
- Creating a level playing field through categorization
- Safety of cisgender women
- 2021 International Olympic Committee Guidelines say that eligibility restrictions must be necessary, scientifically supported and proportionate
10
Q
A
11
Q
How have the criteria for determining sex in the Olympics changed over the last century?
A
1966: Physical exam (“nude parade”)
1967: Chromosomal testing
2011: Testosterone limit (10 nanomoles/L)
2018: Testosterone limit (5 nanomoles/L)
2023: Testosterone limit (2.5 nanomoles/L)
12
Q
What are some concerns about using trestosterone levels as a proxy for performance?
A
Not the only this that contributes to performance in sport
Other contriuting factors are nutrition, coaching, equipment, etc.
13
Q
What do scientists agree on?
A
Bodies do not fit neatly into two catagories
14
Q
What do the Union Cycliste Internationale and World Triathalon (2022) say about the eligibility or trans women?
A
Testosterone levels must be at or below 2.5 nanomoles/L for 24 months
15
Q
What do the World Rugby (2021), F.I.N.A. (2022) and World Athletics (2023) say about the eligibility of trans women in sports?
A
Trans women cannot participate of they have gone through male puberty
16
Q
What have studies demonstrated a correlation between?
A
There’s a positive correlation between testosterone levels and measures such as lean body mass, red blood cell counts, and muscle mass
Few studies have demonstrated consistent conclusions re: hormone levels and athletic performance (time trials, weight lifted, goals scored, etc.)
17
Q
What are factors other than testosterone?
A
Glucose utilisation, estrogen levels, skeletal muscle fibre type, limb length
Greater muscle mass of cis males
18
Q
What is the data on gender and athletic performance?
A
Competative, cumilative advantage of cis male to cis female athletes is about 8-12%
18
Q
What was the first study on trans athletes about and what were the results?
A
- It evaluated strength, power and VO2 max of transgender male and female athletes (females undergone at least one year of gender affirming hormone treatment)
- Transgender women had higher absolute hand strength, but lower performance in jump height and VO2 max tests
19
Q
What was the second study on trans athletes about and what were the results?
A
- Trans (undergone gender affirming hormone treatment) and cisgender women volleyball players matched on age and BMI
- No difference in hand grip strength, counter-movement and squat jump height, and VO2 max between trans and cisgender women
20
Q
What are the effects of androgen supression therapy?
A
(4 months) - could bring trans women’s aerobic capacity to that in line with cis women
(12 months) - reduction in lean body mass, strength and muscle surface area, but the values were still above those of cisgender women
21
Q
What does the study on physical fitness and exercise performance of transgender women say?
A
Conditions: transgender women had been undergoing gender-affirming therapies for 8 years (min.) some with hormones only; some had full testes removal
Results: Transgender women had similar results on the fitness tests to cisgender women. Results fro both trans and cis women were both lower than cis men.
22
Q
What are some considerations for eligibility and potential restrictions?
A
- Physiological demands of a specific sport; sport specific studies needed
- For example, fencing requires both explosive actions and cardiorespiratory fitness
- For archery it would be acceptable for a trans women to participate after 2 years of gender affirming therapy
- 1 year for shooting
23
Q
How many athletes are transgender according to the NCAA?
A
Between 10 and 40 transgender athletes out of the >500 000 athletes
24
How many high school athletes are trans nationwide?
as many as 100
25
What are some problems for trans and gender non-conforming kids beyond elite sport?
- Trans and gender non-conforming kids and youth experience higher levels of depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicide
- Trans and gender non-conforming kids and youth drop out of sport at far higher rates than cisgender peers
26
What is a path forward for trans athletes in elite and non-elite sport?
- Noted benefits to having all genders play together in recreational sports: challenging gender norm stereotypes
- At an elite level there could be an "open" category
- Classify athletes by traits or functional abilities, or per sport regulations
27
What is the medical model of disability?
- Disability is an individual condition and responsibility is on the person to overcome their disability
- Need to cure a person's impairments
- Medical interventions focus on making disabled person as close to normal as possible
27
Why is the inclusion of trans athletes a balancing act?
Most of the debate about under what conditions to allow trans and gender non-conforming people's participation in sport, particularly trans women's participation, **comes down to the purpose of sport**
28
What is the social model of disability?
- Preferred by disability rights advocates and community
- Enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- Non-accessible environment is the problem, not the person who has the impairment
- Move away from putting the responsability on the individual for both having and overcoming a disability
29
What is a common stereotype about person's with disbailities?
That they are asexual or that they are unmasculine or unfeminine
30
Why are women with disabilites disadvantaged?
Femininity and heterosexual attractiveness are equated with being able bodied
31
Why are men with disabilites disadvantaged?
Manhood is constructed through narratives of conquest, domination, and being ablebodied
32
How are femininity and sports participation intertwined when it comes to women with disabilties?
Women might be hesitant to participate, especially if particiaptionwould make them seem masculine
33
How are masculinity and sports participation intertwined when it comes to men with disabilties?
They might feel like participating will undermine their masculine presentation, might make them feel weak or less assertive
34
How do people with disabilities challenge sport typing?
They might feel freer to explore different forms of sports and physical activity if they do not feel that their masculinity or femininity is under threat by participating in the "wrong" type of sport
35
Women with disabilities are at higher risk for...
- Gender-based violence
- Physical and sexual abuse
- Poor health outcomes
36
Women with disabilities have higher rates of...
- Illiteracy
- Poverty
- Unemployment
37
What are intersecting barriers in sport when it comes to women and girls with disabilites?
"Double discrimination"
Resource allocation discrepencies; 90% of women and girls with disabilites are not physically active or involved in sport
38
What is double discrimination?
- Feelings of inadequacy re: disability
- Gender stereotypes about women being teh "weaker" gender
39
What are attitudes and cultural beliefs that effect women and girls with disabilities?
- Cultural expectations about womanhood and motherhood
- Can be barriers to getting involved in Parasport, or Paralympic careers prematurely ended
40
What are other barriers and challenges for women with disabilties in sport?
Lack of access to proper equipment, facilities, trainers and coaches
Difficulty securing funding and accommodations
41
What is the status quo for women in Parasport?
Paralympic participation
- 2021 Summer Paralympics: 40%
- 2018 Winter Paralympics: 28%
Of the 49 countries represented at the Winter Games, 38% did not send any women athletes (2018)
42
How does leadership and governance look in women's parasport?
- Goal set in 2003 was to have 30% of all leadership positions staffed by women in 2009
- What happened? Still a sparce number of females in leadership roles, quota is still not met
43
How do National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) address the disparities between men and women in Parasport?
- Can be sharp differences between NPCs in terms of funding and how established they are
- Must build structural support for women athletes within their own sporting infrastructure and development pathways
- NPCs struggled to find programs for women
44
What is the introduction of "gender-free quotas"?
Two variations
1. No restrictions on the number of men or women who can participate
2. Designated spots for men and women, plus an additional "gender-free" category where an athlete from any gender can participate, provided they qualify
45
What happens with new events in parasport?
They must have gender parity from the start, overall number are set and agreed upon by the IOC
46
What happens with exsiting events in parasport?
The requirements for gender balabce do not apply for exsiting sports and many have large gender imbalances
47
What are the perceptions of masculinity and evidence in TBI patients' responses?
- Capability and self-reliance lost
- Man as 'provider' and breadwinner
- Blow to pride
- Injury = passivity and weakness
48
How should the problem of masculinity and rehabilitation be tackled?
- Clinicians should consider how their recommendations and patients' motivations might not align
- An understanding of how men conceptualize masculinity might help clinicians better tailor treatment plans
49
What kind of language do quad rugby players use to describe the game of wheelchair rugby?
Masculinzed vocabulary to describe the imtimidation and violence of their games
50
What are the consequences of using a masculine vocabulary in wheelchair rugby?
Furthering a narrative that men enact violence
Reaffirmation with masculine ideologies
51
What do scholars argue about wheelchair rugby?
Wheelchair athletes challenge ableist expectations that people with disabilities are 'docile' or 'fragile', but they also rienforce convential gender norms of masculinity
52
What are some arguments from reseachers working with quad rugby players?
Wheelchair rugby athletes are not really dismantling stereotypes about disability
Instead they are implying that the ableist ideologies do not apply to them
53
What are examples of traditional physical culture practices?
- Connections between land and identity
- Games of chance (hand and stick games)
- Contests that measured strength, agility, endurance, and accuracy
- Potlaches
- Sundances and other sacred dances
54
Why was the practice of dancing targeted?
- An overall approach to the "indian problem"
- Was associated with spirituaility
- Dances were sacred, ceremonial events, not mere recreation
- Was seen as a threat to individualism, and seen as counterproductive to practicing agriculture
55
What replaced sundances?
Sports days and agricultural exhibitions
56
What were showcased at Sport days?
Secular (white) dances, sports, and horse racing were permitted, prizes were often provided
Indigenous people used it as an opportunity to visit between reserves and continue cultural practices
57
What did some stoney Nakoda men become after the access to hunting grounds was lost?
They became guides in Rocky Mountain Park (Banff)
58
What were introduced in 1909 to curb Indigenous hunting?
Game wardens (Indigenous people acting as guides for non-indigenous visitors)
59
What was showcased during Banff Indian Days?
- Traditional Practices
- Men's and Women's Sports
60
Why were sports introduced at residential schools?
- To decrease illness and student mortality (drill and calisthenics)
- Breathing exercises to combat tuberculosis
- Proper use of leisure time
- Encourage "cilvilized life" and moral development
- Student resistance
61
What was happening during the rise of competitive sports during the 1940s?
Canada Wide 1940s: there was a renewed emphasis on fitness across the population
Survey of Indian Agents 1945: Encourage coorperation, race pride, "clean" activites
62
What happened when Eisenhardt was appointed as Supervisor of Physical Education and Recreation (1950)?
Formal campaign launched for sport to develop good character and Euro-Canadian value systems
These qualities could "improve" the reserve population
63
What were boys' experiences with sport in residential schools?
- Comeptitive team sports
- Vigourous
- Hunting and trapping on school grounds
64
What were girls' experiences with sport in residential schools?
- Less likely to play competitive sports
- Gentle activities, such as walks
- Closely supervised
64
What did sports mean to children in residential schools?
- Better food
- Made lives "bearable" as a physical and emotional outlet
- Survival
65
What happened when the Department of Indian Affairs, missionaries and settlers interfered with INdigenous womens' sport?
Before colonialism: Indigenous women's sports and games as "numerous and flourishing"
Supression of Ceremonies: Potlach, Sundance, and other spiritual dances
Enforced ideals about "proper" use of leisure time on reserve and in residential schools
66
What are the turning points in history for white women?
Mainstream
- The safety bicycle and bloomers
- Urbanization and WWI
- Waves of feminism
67
What are the turning points in history for Indigenous women?
Indigenous
- Coming of Europeans, fur trade
- The Indian Act (1876)
- Residential schools
68
What games helped build hand-eye coordination and muscular training?
Double ball and juggling
69
What was known as a healing game?
Double ball
70
What were other indigenous games?
Shinny and snow snake
Foot races for men and women
71
What is a coming of age ritual for the Navajo (Dine)?
- 4-day ritual that involves the young women running multiple times a day. Each race is longer than the previous race, said to symbolize her long life
- The longer she ran, the stronger her character and bravery
72
What is a coming of age ritual for the Apache?
- Multi-day ritual with masked dancers portraying important spirits. Girls would run, and the races symbolized a long and successful life ahead
- Transition ritual to benefit the whole tribe
73
Why was the role of women in traditional games and sports during the early period of colonization somewhat difficult to establish?
Because most of the documents focused on men in indigneous cultures
74
How did Indigenous women have active roles during the fur trade?
Accompanied the traders on expeditions, setting up camp, cooking food, collecting berries and probably assisting with paddling
75
Who is Rosalie Fish?
Indigenous female runner who has a strong connection to her ancesters and her community through running
Her identity of being a runner is not sepereable from her identity as an Indigenous person
76
What are the 4 essential components for Indigenous women athletes flourishing in sport?
- Multidimentional community support
- Personal accomplishments
- Persistant growth
- Wholistic athletic excellence
77
What is the 1 facilitating compenent to flourishing in sport?
Humble recognition
78
What are the points of multidimensional community support?
- Home community (reserve) and sport community
- Sense of belonging and importance of "giving back"
79
What are the points of personal accomplishments?
- Setting and achieving goals, even against great odds
- Personal and private goals of the athlete
80
What are the points of persistant growth?
- Challenging and bettering oneself
- Learning from mistakes, setbacks, or even missed opportunites
81
What are the points of wholistic athletic excellence?
- Well-rounded; balanced in all aspects of one's life
- Being healthy in all aspects of one life
82
What are the points of humble recognition?
- Flourishing is not always about the agknowledgment of others, it can be about humility
- Greater than recieving accolades, flourishing is more personally achieved than outwardly recognized
83
Who is Waneek Horn-Miller?
- Olympic athlete (water polo)
- Mohawk from Kahnawake, matrilineal culture
84
What are the unique challenges and responsabilites of being an Indigenous athlete?
- Responsability to community and to ancestors
- How to fit into a Western, individualistic system
85
What is public sport sociology?
Informed by, and motivated by, social justice concerns and advocacy
86
How does public sport sociology help acheive social change?
Through:
- op-eds
- public talks
- publicly aligning with social movements
87
What are some gender inequalities that remain in sport?
- Quality and quantity of media covering women's sport (worse in 2014 than it was when the study was started in 1989!)
- Women's sports reporters struggle to be respected
- Women are underepresented in leadership roles
88
What were the 1970-1990s in public sport sociology?
Era of "apolitical" athlete (even when athletes were publicaly supporting a cause, they usually did not formally align themselves with social movements
89
What is traditional public sociology?
Publishing a book using accessible language
- Writing op-ed in a newspaper
90
What is organic public sociology?
Working alongside social justice organizations
91
What is activism?
- An effort to make change(s) in society
- Intervention in social, political, economic, and environmental campaigns
- Different forms: legal challenges, political campaigns, boycotts, etc.
- Individual and/or collective
92
What is a social movement?
Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time
93
What did Cooky and Antonovic (2020) look at?
- Sports as symbolic sites of social justice
- Sportswomen and athlete activism
- US Soccer Women's pay equity lawsuit
