final exam prep

Question 1

sociology

Answer 1

the systematic study of society

Question 2

sociological perspective

Answer 2

seeing the general in the particular / Ability to “see general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.”

Question 3

society

Answer 3

people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

Question 4

social structure

Answer 4

any relative stable pattern of social behavior

Question 5

social change

Answer 5

the transformation of culture and social institutions over time

Question 6

theory

Answer 6

a statement on how and why specific facts are related

Question 7

theoretical approach

Answer 7

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Question 8

empirical evidence

Answer 8

information we can verify with our senses

Question 9

research method

Answer 9

systematic plan for doing research.
types:
survey
participant observation
using existing sources
experiments

Question 10

experiment

Answer 10

a research method to investigating cause and effect under certain circumstances

Question 11

reliability

Answer 11

consistency in measurement

Question 12

correlation

Answer 12

relationship in which two variables change together

Question 13

individualism

Answer 13

the conception that all values, rights, and duties originate in individuals

Question 14

socialization

Answer 14

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

Question 15

personality

Answer 15

persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.

Question 16

the self

Answer 16

part of the personality composed of “self awareness” and “self image”

Question 17

gender

Answer 17

the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being “female” or “male”

Question 18

agents of socialization

Answer 18

family
school
peer-group
mass media

Question 19

social interaction

Answer 19

the process by which people act and react

Question 20

dramaturgical analysis

Answer 20

the study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance

Question 21

culture

Answer 21

the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together forma a peoples way of life

Question 22

subculture

Answer 22

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a societies population

Question 23

social construction of reality

Answer 23

the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

Question 24

nature vs nurture

Answer 24

1. biological scientific view (nature) - instinctual / born with
2. social scientific view (nurture) - experience determine / learned

both, nature/nurture, part of HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Question 25

sex vs gender

Answer 25

1. "Sex" refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. "down there" 2. "Gender" refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. "Heart and brain"

Question 26

sociological imagination

Answer 26

the capacity to shift from one perspective to another. the understanding that social outcomes are based on what we do. understanding that some things in society may lead to a certain outcome.

Question 27

heterosexism

Answer 27

an ideology that casts non-heterosexuals as deviant

Question 28

heteronormativity

Answer 28

the cultural assumption that everyone is heterosexual

Question 29

homophobia

Answer 29

discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual

Question 30

deviance

Answer 30

the recognized violations of cultural norms

Question 31

social control

Answer 31

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

Question 32

social stratification

Answer 32

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based on 4 principles: a. is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences. b. carries over from generation to generation c. universal but variable d. involves not just inequality, but beliefs.

Question 33

income

Answer 33

earnings from work or investments.

Question 34

social mobility

Answer 34

a change in position within the social hierarchy.

Question 35

ideology

Answer 35

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of social inequality.

Question 36

meritocracy

Answer 36

a. social stratification based on merit. b. the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.

Question 37

caste system

Answer 37

a system whereby social stratification is based on ascription, or birth.

Question 38

class system

Answer 38

social stratification based on both birth and achievement.

Question 39

wealth

Answer 39

the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debt.

Question 40

gender

Answer 40

the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female or male.

Question 41

gender stratification

Answer 41

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.

Question 42

power

Answer 42

the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others.

Question 43

agency

Answer 43

the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

Question 44

ethnicity

Answer 44

a shared cultural heritage.

Question 45

race

Answer 45

a. a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. b. a creation of culture that reflects social distinctions and power. c. a symbolic category based on phenotype or ancestry constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category.

Question 46

traditional racism

Answer 46

the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another.

Question 47

ideology

Answer 47

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements and patterns of inequality.

Question 48

genocide

Answer 48

systematic killing of one category over another.

Question 49

segregation

Answer 49

they physical and social separation of categories of people.

Question 50

new racism

Answer 50

imbedded in society and inequality is "naturally" reproduced. more covert that traditional racism's overtness.

Question 51

social institutions

Answer 51

major spheres of social life or societal subsystems organized to meet human needs. a. economy b. education c. politics

Question 52

economy

Answer 52

the social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. a. primary - agriculture b. secondary - industry c. ternary - service

Question 53

deindustrialization

Answer 53

the decline of industrial production that occurred in the US after about 1950.

Question 54

globalization

Answer 54

expansion of economic activity around the world with little regard to borders.

Question 55

politics

Answer 55

the social institution that distributes power, sets societies goals, and makes decisions.

Question 56

government

Answer 56

a formal organization that directs the political life of a society.

Question 57

democracy

Answer 57

a political system that gives power to the people as a whole.

Question 58

power elite

Answer 58

a small collection of individuals and their families that includes top military officials, heads of corporations, and top political leaders.

Question 59

special interest groups

Answer 59

people organized to address some economic or social issue.

Question 60

lobbyists

Answer 60

people employed by special interest groups to support their goals.