Final Exam Prep Flashcards by Shayla O'Keefe

What explains how a pool of water can crack a boulder sitting in it during freezing weather?

Expansion of water when it freezes. As the water cools there’s less Brownian motion of the water
molecules and the H-bonds stabilize at their full length causing the distance between molecules to increase.

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True or false about the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote
evolution. Mitochondria and plastids function completely independently of
the host eukaryotic cell.

False

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True or false about the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote

evolution. Eukaryote mitochondria are derived from aerobic prokaryotes.

True

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True or false about the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote
evolution. Plastids are derived from incompletely ingested photosynthetic
prokaryotes.

True

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True or false about the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote
evolution. An ancestral anaerobic eukaryote incompletely ingested an aerobic
prokaryote.

True

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Which macromolecule type is characterized by having a large number
of hydroxyl functional groups?

Carbohydrates

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Why can archaea survive in very hot water?

In some Archaea the membrane is a monolayer: long non-polar chains capped at either end with polar groups. These monolayers are resistant to damage by intense heat.

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Why is ATP needed for active transport?

In active transport the molecule being transported is going from a lower to higher concentration
or is moving up its concentration gradient.

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How can bacteria live in fresh water and not get so large that they lyse?

Cell wall. In the absence of a cell wall, these bacteria would continue to expand until they burst, but the
cell wall is a physical barrier to overexpansion.

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Which of the following are appropriately paired together?

a. Lipoproteins and LPS
b. Pili and Conjugation
c. Peptidoglycan and Archaea
d. Fimbriae and Sex
e. Amylase and Plasmolysis

b. LPS is lipopolysaccharide, not lipoprotein; archaea use “pseudo”-peptidoglycan as a cell wall
material; a sex pilus (or plural – pili) is necessary for conjugation which is the passage of
plasmids from one bacterium to another

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What is the S-layer?

A type of cell wall in Archaea. Domain Archaea cell walls do not contain true peptidoglycan; some archaea use pseudo-peptidoglycan (false peptidoglycan)
or they use:
S-layers - crystalline protein layers - these are the most common type of cell wall in Archaea, but are also found in some Bacteria.

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Which is the correct order of layers between plant cells?

a. Primary wall, secondary wall, lamella, secondary wall, primary wall
b. Secondary wall, primary wall, lamella, primary wall, secondary wall
c. Primary lamella, secondary wall, primary lamella
d. Primary wall, secondary lamella, primary wall
e. Primary wall, middle lamella, primary wall
f. Both (b) and (e) are possible

f. The cell wall is secreted through pores in the plasma membrane (see cytoskeleton lecture).
Initially there is just the primary cell walls of two adjacent cells bound by the middle lamellae.
If there is destined to be a thicker cell wall then the secondary cell wall will be secreted beneath
the primary cell wall pushing the latter further away from the plasma membrane.

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Which organelle(s) is a site for detoxification within the cell?

a) rough endoplasmic reticulum
b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c) mitochondria
d) peroxisome
e) both (b) and (d)

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Where, specifically, are ribosomes translating mRNA into proteins?

a) nucleolus
b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c) mitochondrial matrix
d) cytoplasm
e) both (b) and (d)
f) both (c) and (d)
g) each of (b), (c) and (d)

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Which part of the golgi is closest to the rough ER?

a) the transport vesicles – these are not a part of golgi while in transit
b) the lumen
c) the cis side
d) the trans side
e) the cisternae

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Where are ribosomes made?

Ribosomes are made in the nucleus and are used for protein translation in other parts of the cell
(they are independently made in mitochondria and chloroplasts)

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Where does protein translation occur?

Rough ER is attached to the nucleus and can be a site of protein translation

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What are dynein motors?

Dynein motors are used to give motion to cilia & sperm. They require ATP to do their job

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What are microtubules?

Microtubules are the structural elements of cilia and sperm though they can also be used to transport vesicles using kinesin

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What is the relationship between microvilli, microfilaments and intermediate filaments?

Microvilli are held upright by actin microfilaments which are anchored by intermediate filaments

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What involves myosin and actin microfilaments?

Muscle contraction involves myosin pulling on actin microfilaments. This requires ATP

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Where are fatty acids broken down?

Peroxisomes (and glyoxysomes) are sites where fatty acids are broken down into Acetyl-CoA (which in the case of glyoxysomes can in turn be used to make glucose as an energy source)

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What does the nuclear lamina do?

Nuclear lamina provides support to the nucleus by lining the inside of the nuclear membrane. It is made of intermediate filaments

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What three molecules are formed during Light Reactions?

NADPH, ATP and O2

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Where do Light Reactions occur?

Thylakoid in the chloroplast

To get from the thylakoid space or lumen, to the cell cytoplasm you’d have to cross this number of membranes: a. Zero b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4

Which of the following can alter the level at which a photopigment holds it’s excited electrons? a. Alteration of a functional group. b. The types of molecules around it. c. The wavelength of light hitting it. d. All of the above e. None of the above f. Just (a) and (b)

Which structures or processes are used by plants in arid climates? a. Thylakoids b. Bundle Sheath cells c. CAM d. Plastoquinone e. All of the above

e. All plants use Pq and thylakoids and the two arid climate plants use either CAM or Bundle sheath cells for carbon capture

Which structures or processes are also used by C3 plants? a. Thylakoids b. Bundle Sheath cells c. CAM d. Plastoquinone e. All of the above f. None of the above g. Only (a) and (d)

Which of the following is not part of the photosynthesis electron transport chain? a. Plastoquinone (Pq) b. Cytochrome complex c. Plastocyanin (Pc) d. ATP e. P680 chlorophyll

d. Everything but ATP is transporting electrons at some point during the light reactions. While ATP is synthesized using protons pumped during electron transport, that is an indirect association.

In which process(es) is oxaloacetate involved? a. Citric Acid cycle b. C4 plant carbon capture c. CAM plant carbon capture d. All of the above e. None of the above

The molecules involved in the end of oxidative phosphorylation are most like those involved in: a) photorespiration b) photophosphorylation c) substrate-level phosphorylation d) kinase phosphorylation

Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP) is used to fix CO2 in C3 plants. How many carbons does RuBP have? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

d. 1 carbon + 5-carbon --> 6 carbon --> Two 3 carbon

How many ATP are generated during cellular respiration?

How many ATP are generated by the NADH produced in glycolysis.

Because these NADH have to transfer their electrons across the mitochondrial membrane to either NAD+ or FAD the number of protons that ultimately get pumped can vary. NADH electrons will pump 10 H+ while FADH2 electron only pump 6 H+

How many ATP are generated by substrate-level phosphorylation?

2 during glycolysis and another 2 during citric acid cycle. Actually 4 ATP are generated this way during glycolysis but 2 ATP were utilized early in the pathway so only a gain of 2 ATP

How many ATP are generated by chemiosmosis?

8 NADH pump 80 protons; 2 FADH2 pump 12 protons and between 12 and 20 protons are pumped by the generated by reduction of NAD+ in glycolysis So 104 to 112 protons pumped divided by 4 protons needed for 1 ATP – 26 to 28 ATPs

Because plant cells have a cell wall they are unable to undergo cytokinesis like animal cells. How do plant cells get new cell wall and membrane between the newly formed daughter cells?

They use vesicles

In eukaryotic cells the heterochromatin is frequently bound to a structure on the inside surface of the nuclear envelope called the ______________________ which is made of intermediate filaments.

nuclear lamina

Depending on the amount of ____________ available to a muscle cell, pyruvate can either enter the Kreb’s cycle or undergo fermentation to become ________________.

Oxygen; lactate (lactic acid)

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that regulates which specific metabolic pathway?

Glycolysis

a) What is the functional group (e.g. –CH3 or methyl) that is removed from amino acids prior to their entering catabolic pathways such as the Krebs cycle? b) What is the name of the process during which this functional group is removed?

a) Amine, amino or -NH2 | b) Deamination

A bacteriophage in the lytic cycle can cause Transduction to occur if it picks up some of the host bacteria's ____________.

DNA or genetic material

What alteration to a gene causes a coding region ‘frameshift’ to occur? What are the consequences of a frameshift to the encoded protein?

Nucleotide insertion or deletion, premature stop codon

If the role of DNA polymerase III is to replicate the DNA, what is the function of DNA polymerase I during the same cell process?

Replace the primer with DNA

Match the scientists with the research (note that only 3 of the researchers have their research described). (3 points – so only 3 answers – point deductions for extra answers) a) Generated the data used to propose the double helix model of DNA structure b) Used mutated mold cultures to show that one gene encodes one polypeptide c) Accidentally discovered that bacteria could pick up and use genetic material from their surroundings – i.e. become transformed d) Noted that all organisms have near equal amounts of A's and T's, and equal amounts of G's and C's in their genomes 1) Edwin Chargaff _____________ 2) Watson & Crick _____________ 3) Beadle & Tatum ____________ 4) Rosalind Franklin ____________ 5) Hershey & Chase ____________

1) d 3) b 4) a

In which metabolic pathway is the sugar Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate an anabolic product (i.e. synthesized)?

Calvin cycle

What is an Okazaki fragment made of - before it is modified by Polymerase I (be as specific as possible)?

DNA and RNA

Provide the name of any group of organisms that has a cell wall, and indicate what specific molecule their cell wall is made of.

``` Fungi- chitin Plants- cellulose Bacteria- peptidoglycan Protists- inorganic salts Archae- pseudopeptidoglycan or S-layer ```

Yeast undergoing cell division during aerobic conditions generates far more ________ than it does during anaerobic fermentation. Thus yeast grow faster in aerobic conditions.

ATP

In eukaryotes a transformed cell is one that has uncontrolled ___________________, and the resultant cells masses are said to become metastatic if the cells loose their _____________________________.

Growth, mitosis or division; contact or anchorage dependence

_________________________ is the field that refers to the identification, study and use of organisms that will break down our industrial waste products or pollutants ‘naturally’ e.g. bacteria that can break down crude oil.

Bioremediation or Bioedegredation

Membranes contain a large number of amphipathic molecules. What are the general features of an amphipathic molecule?

Has a hydrophilic/polar (charged) end and a non-polar/hydrophobic end

Match the event to the stage in mitosis in which it begins. Note that not all events or stages may have a match. cleavage furrow formation nuclear envelope fragmentation lining up the chromosomes on cell equator initial binding of microtubules to kinetochores anaphase prometaphase metaphase interphase

cleavage furrow formation prometaphase nuclear envelope fragmentation metaphase lining up the chromosomes on cell equator interphase initial binding of microtubules to kinetochores anaphase

Before DNA Pol III can begin replicating DNA, three other types of protein/enzyme must first perform their functions. What are the names and the functions of two of these three types of protein/enzyme?

helicase – unwinds DNA single strand DNA binding proteins – hold strands apart primase – adds RNA primer

What is the primary molecule that moves across membranes during osmosis?

Water

What type of non-infectious disease can a viral onco-gene cause?

Cancer or tumor

What’s the basis for the chemical attraction that causes nucleosomes to form?

Negative charge on DNA phosphates/backbone attracted to positive charge on histone proteins

During the course of Translation every tRNA molecule will directly interact (covalently bound or otherwise) with 4 molecules. Name 3 of these. Hint – these should include members of different types of macromolecules.

Ribosome tRNA synthetase Amino Acid mRNA

Depicted below is a section of mRNA. Write the nucleotide sequence for both strands of the section of gene that it was transcribed from. Include 5' and 3' strand orientations as well as both strand names (i.e. the name for a strand that the polymerase uses, and what the other strand is called). This section of mRNA includes some 5' untranslated region (UTR) and the start codon. Underline the start codon and indicate the amino acid that the start codon encodes (the three letter abbreviation is fine) 5'-GGAUGCUUAACGC-3'

5'-GGATGCTTAACGC-3' coding 3'-CCTACGAATTGCG-5' template 5'-GGAUGCUUAACGC-3' Met or Methionine