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Mammalogy > Final Exam- Primates > Flashcards

Final Exam- Primates Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Evolutionary Trends in Primates

A

· Reproduction occurs at a slower rate (sexual maturity is delayed, life spans are longer)

· Progressive shift to great reliance on fruits, seeds and foliage

· Decline in amount of animal material consumed

· Social and mating systems include diverse array of complex sociospatial and breeding patterns

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2
Q

Primate examples

A

Lemurs
Lorises
Galagos
Tarsiers
Owl Monkey
Spiders Monkeys
MArmosets and Tamarians
Gibbons
Old world monkeys

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3
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini Characteristics

A

· Toothcombs

· Wet naked noses

· Nostrils crescentic slits

· Postorbital bar

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4
Q

Suborder Haplorrhini

A

· Spatulate incisors

· Nostrils ringed

· Dry hairy noses

· Postorbital plate

· Hemichorial placenta

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5
Q

Parvorder Platyrrhini Characteristics

A

· Nostrils point to the side

· South American monkeys

· Very diverse

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6
Q

Parvorders Catarrhini Characteristics

A

· Nostrils point down

· Old-world anthropoid primates

· 29 genera and 153 species

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7
Q

Order of Primates

A

· Range in body size

· Most are found from the equator to 30 degrees north and south (Japanese Macaque is an exception)

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8
Q

Origins of order primates

A

· Euarchonta (dermoptera, scandentia, primates)

· Fossils date from early Paleocene of North America

· Euprimates appeared 55 million years ago

Plesiadapiforms (primate-like mammals)

· Appear in late Cretaceous

· Enlarged and procumbent incisors

· Low-crowned molars

· Post-cranial adaptations for arboreal lifestyle

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9
Q

Characteristics of order Primates

A

· Euprimates (primates of modern aspect)

· Digits with nails

· Enlarged orbits and orbital convergence

· Postorbital bar

· Enlarged brain

· Adaptations for arboreal leaping

· Opposable thumb (pollex) and big toe (hallux)

· Plantigrade and usually pentadactyl

· Digits with fleshy pads and friction ridges (fingerprints)

· Reduced rostrum with eyes directed forward for stereoscopic (binocular) vision

· Reduced olfactory acuity

· Brain with calcarine tissue

· Molars = quadrituberculate, bunodont, brachyodont

· Tail on monkeys/ no tails on apes

· At least partly arboreal

· Hands and digits have become refined with increased mobility sensitive pads

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10
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises, pottos, and galagos)

A

· Toothcombs

· Wet naked noses

· Nostrils crescentric slits

· Postorbital plate

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11
Q

Infraorder Lemuriformes (Lemurs

A

· 5 genera and 21 species

· Native to Madagascar

· Nocturnal

· Small (> 500 g)

· Quadrupedal walking and bipedal leaping

· Hibernates (or aestivates) up to 7 months to avoid drought (first tropical mammal and only primate)

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12
Q

Family Cheriogaleidae

A

mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, fork-crowned lemurs

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13
Q

Family Lemuridae Characteristics

A

· Tooth comb present

· Pollex and hallux opposable

· Pelage woolly, tail heavily furred

· Herbivorous or frugivorous

· Primarily diurnal

· Cranium elongate and face fox-like

· Show behavior of biting millipedes to induce the millipede toxin which they both rub on themselves for insecticide and to get “high

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14
Q

Family Lemuridae examples

A

bamboo lemurs, ruffed lemurs, ring-tailed lemurs

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15
Q

Family Lemuridae species number

A

Five genera and 19 species

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16
Q

Ring-tail lemur

A

· Highly social

· Groups of 20 or more individuals

· Female dominance hierarchy

· Troops occupy exclusive home ranges

· Use elaborate olfactory signals

· Both sexes mark branches

· Males “stink fight”

· Males rub “perfume” from wrist on tail to attract mates

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17
Q

Family Lepilemuridae Examples

A

sportive lemurs

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18
Q

Family Lepilemuridae Species number

A

1 genus and 8 species (recently – 11 previously unrecognized species)

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19
Q

Family Lepilemuridae characteristics

A

· Nocturnal folivores

· Enlarged cecum for microbial digestion

· Ingest their feces and redirect material to extract the remaining nutrients

· Low metabolic rates

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20
Q

Family Indriidae Examples

A

woolly lemur, sifaka, indr

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21
Q

Family Indriidae Characteristics

A

· Large with shortened rostrum and monkey-like face

· Folivorous

· Travel by bipedal leaping

· Sifakas are diurnal and promiscuous

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22
Q

Indri

A

· Diurnal

· Monogamous

· Vocal

· One of the largest living lemurs (25-28 inches, 13 to 21 lb)

· Critically endangered

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23
Q

Woolly lemur

A

· Nocturnal

· Monogamous

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24
Q

Infraorder Chiromyiformes Example

A

Aye-Aye, Single Species

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25
Family Daubentoniidae
· Secretive and nocturnal · 2 kilograms in weight · Short skull, large ears and bushy tail · Greatly enlarged incisors with diastema · Digits are clawed – 3rd digit on hand very long and slender · Hallux opposable and bears nails · Insectivorous · Percussive hunter
26
Infraorder Lorisiformes Species
Lorises and Bush Babies
27
Family Lorisidae species
Lorises And Pottos
28
Family Lorisidae Location
Subsaharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, East Indies
29
Family Lorisidae Species number
5 genera and 9 specie
30
Family Lorisidae Characteristics
Rostrum short, eyes face forward · Arboreal, slow climbers · Tails short or absent · Digits modified for grasping branches · Circulatory modifications increase blood supply to the digital flexor muscles · Nocturnal and omnivorous or frugivorous · Low metabolic rates — perhaps associated with detoxification of plant defensive compounds · Toxic bight (toxin is obtained by licking a sweat gland on their arm and the secretion is activated by mixing with saliva · Coloration May mimic cobras (slow loris)
31
Family Galagidae Species
Three genera and 19 species
32
Family Galagidae Characteristics
· Large eyes and ears · Arboreal leaders with long hind limbs and tail · Tooth comb in lower incisors · Grooming claw on second digit of foot · Vocalizations serve as warnings, communication between mother/young, appeasement during intraspecific encounters · Traction patterns on the palm of the hand allow for better gripping
33
Suborder Haplorrhini Examples
Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes
34
Suborder Haplorrhini Characteristics
· Spatulate incisors · Nostrils ringed · Dry hairy noses · Postorbital plate · Hemichorial placenta
35
Infraorder Tarsiiformes Example
Tarsiers
36
Family Tarsiidae Species Number
1 genus and 7 species
37
Family Tarsiidae locations
Tropical forests of Borneo, Sumatra, some East Indian and Philippine islands
38
Family Tarsiidae Characteristics
· Tropical forests of Borneo, Sumatra, some East Indian and Philippine islands · Insectivores (only totally carnivorous primate · Bipedal leaping · Species solitary or gregarious · Long gestation (6 months) with single young · Enormous, forward facing eyes · Digits with disk-like pads · Arboreal and nocturnal · Elongate hind limbs · Arboreal jumpers – can bound 15 feet · Tibia and fibula fused · Calcaneus and navicular greatly elongate
39
Parvorder Platyrrhini
New world monkeys
40
Family Cebidae Examples
capuchins and squirrel monkeys
41
Family Cebidae Species number
3 genera and 21 species
42
Family Cebidae
Weights range from 750 grams to 4.5 kilograms · Lack opposable thumbs and toes · Fraternal twins share common placenta · Long limbs and digits (with curved nails) · Long furred · High braincase, short rostrum · Orbits face forward · Broad internarial pad between nostrils · Chisel-shaped medial incisors
43
Family Callitricidae Examples
Marmosets and Tamarins
44
Family Callitricidae Species Number
7 genera, 41-47 species
45
Family Callitricidae Characteristics
· Small (100-750 g) · May have manes on head · Chisel-shaped medial incisors · Lack of opposable thumbs and toes · All digits have claws except hallux · Fraternal twins share a common placenta
46
Family Aotidae examples
Night Monkeys
47
Family Aotidae Species Number
1 genus and 8 species
48
Family Aotidae Characteristics
· Nocturnal and territorial · Large eyes, good nocturnal vision · Small (450 to 950 g) · Not sexually dimorphism · Short gestation (133 days) · Adult males are the primary caregivers for offspring
49
Family Atelidae Examples
Howler Spider Woolly Monkeys
50
Family Atelidae
5 Genera, 12 Species
51
Family Atelidae Characteristics
· Prehensile tails longer than the body (5th hand) · Semi-braciators = swing with arms from branch to branch and use tail · Frugivores and folivores · Capable of upright walking on the ground
52
Howler Monkey Species
10 Species
53
Howler Monkey Characteristics
· Tail long and prehensile · 4 to 10 kilograms · Males larger than females · Long, coarse fur · Inhabit a wide variety of forest types · Deep guttural howl
54
Spider monkeys and woolly monkey
· Long thin limbs · Highly prehensile tails · Long narrow hands with reduced or absent thumbs · Adults weigh about 6 kg · Fur coloration varie
55
Southern and Northern Muriqui
· Largest species of Neotropical monkeys · Highly restricted ranges · Northern muriqui is one of the worlds most endangered monkeys about 1000 individuals
56
Titi monkeys, saki monkeys, and uacaris Species Number
4 genera and 40 species
57
Titi monkeys, saki monkeys, and uacaris Characteristics
· Pelage color varies with geography · Diurnal and arboreal · Forage in canopy for fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, and occasional vertebrate prey · Long lived and low reproductive rates
58
Parvorder Catarrhini
Old world monkeys and apes
59
Parvorder Catarrhini Species Number
29 genera and 153 species
60
Parvorder catarrhini
Diverged from platyrrhine primates 38 to 40 million years ago
61
Family Cercopithecidae
Old World Monkeys
62
Family Cercopithecidae Species Number
132 species
63
Family Cercopithecidae Characteristics
· Sexual dimorphism common · 1.5 to over 50 kg · Skull robust, braincase large · Opposable pollex and hallux (except colobus) · All digits bear nails
64
Family Cercopithecidae Examples
baboons, golden monkeys, colobus monkeys, grey-cheeked mangabey, and ashy red colobus
65
Family Hylobatidae example
Gibbons, Small Apes
66
Family Hylobatidae Species Number
Four genera and 14 species
67
Family Hylobatidae
Inhabit tropical southeastern Asia · 4-11 kilograms · Extremely long forelimbs modified for brachiation · Lack tail and cheek pouches · Highly vocal

Mammalogy (6 decks)

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