Final Exam Pt2 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
parathyroid hormone release is triggered by ___ levels of calcium in the blood
A
low
2
Q
the most numerous type of receptor in the body is the…
A
tactile receptor
3
Q
there are 3 types of unencapsulated tactile receptors. what is the exception?
A
sebaceous filaments
4
Q
which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
A
fibrocartilage
5
Q
which is an alternate term for compact bone?
A
cortical bone
6
Q
which are functions of hair?
a: sensory reception
b: heat retention
c: immune function
d: protection
e: formation of vitamin D3
A
a = sensory reception
b = heat retention
d = protection
7
Q
nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ___ of the epidermis
A
corneum
8
Q
the epithelial tissue root sheath is the _____ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ____
A
inner; epidermis
9
Q
fine hair called ____, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs
A
vellus
10
Q
epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ____ response
A
immune
11
Q
the function of melanin in the skin is to ____
A
protect against UV light
12
Q
another name for the skin is the ____ membrane
A
cutaneous
13
Q
thick skin contains…
A
4 epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands
14
Q
why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?
A
vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
15
Q
the hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include…
A
organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation
16
Q
chronically high levels of ___ inhibits bone growth
A
serotonin
17
Q
which is false regarding bone remodeling?
A
it occurs only at articular surfaces
18
Q
what would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?
A
the matrix would be softer
19
Q
osteoid is the…
A
organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength
20
Q
hyaline cartilage contains a ____ percentage of water, cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ____
A
high, lacunae
21
Q
in compact bone, ___ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes
A
canaliculi
22
Q
spongy bone…
A
forms diploe in the cranial bones
23
Q
a false statement regarding the periosteum?
A
it is composed of dense regular connective tissue
24
Q
which structure has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?
A
actin
25
a skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of ____, which are complex organelles. they are cylindrical in shape, 1-2 micrometers in diameter, and as long as the cell
myofibrils
26
each thick filament contains about ____ protein molecules (each molecule has 2 heads and 2 braided tails)
200
27
invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the...
T-tubules
28
a flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n)...
aponeurosis
29
the structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a...
tendon
30
which protein makes up the thick filaments?
myosin
31
which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
terminal cisternae
32
the multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the...
fusion of myoblasts
33
what letter is associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere?
A
34
a drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in...
enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased ACh breakdown
35
a power stroke involves...
a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of a sarcomere
36
what is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction?
acetylcholine
37
when an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium...
enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter
38
acetylcholine exerts its effect by...
binding to receptors at the motor end plate
39
true or false: the floor of the pelvic cavity includes skeletal muscles that function to support organs in that cavity
true
40
the spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is...
elasticity
41
oxidative fibers are...
red & fatigue resistant
42
true or false: compared to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers respond to a stimulus with less delay and with a shorter contraction duration
true
43
which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture?
fast-twitch
44
true or false: the metabolic reactions within fast-twitch fibers derive much of their energy from aerobic respiration
false
45
"intermediate fiber" is another name for...
a fast-twitch, oxidative fiber
46
true or false: slow-twitch fibers are specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time without experiencing fatigue
true
47
the net energy yield from one glucose molecule through the process of glycolysis is...
2 ATP
48
true or false: when a skeletal muscle fiber is at rest, there is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm
true
49
a motor unit consists of...
a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls
50
release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the ____ period of a twitch
relaxation
51
true or false: during skeletal muscle contraction, more force is created when more motor units are activated
true
52
consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper vs a heavy textbook. the primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by...
recruiting a different number of motor units
53
true or false: the contraction phase of a muscle twitch has a shorter duration than the relaxation phase
true
54
events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ____ period of a muscle twitch
latent
55
the branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the ____ nervous system
autonomic
56
which type of smooth muscle is innervated most similar to skeletal muscle, with muscle cells arranged as motor units and each cell stimulated by a single motor neuron?
multi-unit smooth muscle
57
when smooth muscle is stretched for a prolonged period of time, it responds by...
relaxing
58
the iris of the eye is composed of nonstriated muscle that in involuntarily controlled. therefore, it must contain...
multi-unit smooth muscle
59
smooth muscle tissue in which cells are individually sent signals to contract (rather than contracting in unison) is referred to as...
multi-unit
60
conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete...
a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target
61
based on function, the vast majority of neurons are...
interneurons
62
based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the ____ neuron
multipolar
63
the neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are...
interneurons
64
what structures extend into the axon and dendrite of a neuron to provide tensile strength?
neurofibrils
65
fast axonal transport is...
active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction
66
which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?
interneurons
67
a neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) ____ neruon
autonomic motor
68
in a mixed nerve,
some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information
69
the connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the...
perineurium
70
what is the correct order of the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning with the outermost layer?
epineurium -> perineurium -> endoneurium
71
a mixed nerve is one that contains both...
sensory and motor neurons
72
the endoneurium is composed of...
areolar connective tissue
73
the portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the ____ division
somatic motor
74
the nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called...
effectors
75
true or false: the number of satellite cells in skeletal muscle steadily decreases with age
true
76
a term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is...
atrophy
77
increased phosphate ion concentration is believed to contribute to fatigue by interfering with...
phosphate release by myosin heads during crossbridge cycling
78
muscle tone is a result of ____ nervous system activity, and it acts to ___ joint position
involuntary; stabilize
79
true or false: in an isotonic contraction, the tension produced exceeds the resistance and muscle fibers will shorten
true
80
true or false: in general, a muscle's resting length is its optimal length for force generation
true
81
if there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be...
more negative
82
maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of...
sodium-potassium pumps
83
the separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as a...
voltage
84
chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ____ segment of a neuron
receptive
85
true or false: negatively charged protein molecules are more prevalent within a neuron's cytosol than in the interstitial fluid
true
86
true or false: a neuron's membrane contains more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels
true
87
what do all glial cells have in common?
they assist neurons in their respective functions
88
the glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the...
oligodendrocyte
89
the glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the...
astrocyte
90
continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only during...
unmyelinated axons
91
what is a true statement regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?
each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously
92
the glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to...
the high lipid content of the myelin sheath
93
the glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the...
microglial cell
94
action potentials are generated by the opening of ____ gated channels and they occur on the _____
voltage; axon
95
saltatory conduction occurs in...
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes
96
true or false: graded potentials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron
false
97
somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of...
A fibers
98
true or false: a sensory neuron detecting an intense stimulus will generate action potentials of greater strength as compared to a sensory neuron detecting a weak stimulus
false
99
a depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ____ the resting membrane potential
less negative than
100
in a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the...
neurofibril nodes
101
the hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged...
open state of voltage-gated potassium channels
102
when voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron...
potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value
103
which occurs first: absolute or relative refractory period?
absolute refractory period
104
in neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of...
postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment
105
choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission:
a: nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob
b: neurotransmitter molecules diffuses across the synaptic cleft
c: nerve impulse begins in postsynaptic cell
d: neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in postsynaptic cell
e: voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell
a, b, d, e, c
106
when a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an...
ESPS
107
most commonly, a synapse is made between a...
presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite
108
when transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by...
the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft
109
of the 2 types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission?
electrical synapse
