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FINAL EXAM: questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is osteoporosis usually discovered through?

A

Bone fractures.

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2
Q

What are the primary risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Weak boned elderly women
  • Hip fractures
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3
Q

What assessments are important for osteoporosis?

A
  • Calcium levels
  • Vitamin D levels
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4
Q

What imaging techniques are used to assess bone health in osteoporosis?

A
  • Dexa scan
  • Bone scan
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5
Q

What lifestyle changes are recommended for osteoporosis management?

A
  • Avoid alcohol
  • Increase calcium and vitamin D intake
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6
Q

How does weight lifting benefit patients with osteoporosis?

A

Builds muscle strength to support bones and increases range of motion.

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7
Q

What effect can osteoporosis have on posture?

A

Can cause the hunchback effect.

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8
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bone infection; inflammation of the bone.

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9
Q

What are the two types of osteomyelitis?

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
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10
Q

What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis?

A

Infective pressure ulcers at the coccyx area.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of osteomyelitis?

A
  • Fever
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Ulcerations
  • Constant bone pain
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12
Q

What is the primary treatment for acute osteomyelitis?

A

IV antibiotics for up to 4-6 weeks.

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13
Q

What is the treatment for chronic osteomyelitis?

A

IV antibiotics for up to 3 months; pain management; wound care.

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14
Q

What surgical procedure may be necessary for osteomyelitis?

A

Debridement of necrotic tissue.

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15
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Hunchback; forward rounding of the upper back.

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16
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

S-shaped back; lateral curvature of the spine.

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17
Q

What are the key symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA)?

A
  • Joint pain
  • Stiffness
  • Joint deformity
  • Inflammation
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18
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A
  • Joint overuse
  • Obesity
  • Trauma
  • Age
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19
Q

What psychosocial effects can osteoarthritis have on patients?

A

Depression, anxiety, decreased quality of life.

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20
Q

What diagnostic imaging is used for osteoarthritis?

A
  • X-ray imaging
  • MRI
  • Elevated ESR
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21
Q

What interventions are recommended for osteoarthritis management?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Tylenol
  • Balance between rest and exercise
  • Heat & cold therapy
  • Promote mobility
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22
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

Chronic, progressive, autoimmune, systemic, inflammatory disorder.

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Weakness
  • Morning stiffness
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia
  • Fatigue
  • Low grade fever
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24
Q

What laboratory tests are relevant for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Rheumatoid factor
  • ESR
  • ANA
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25
What are the treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis?
* NSAIDs * Immunosuppressants * DMARDs
26
What is the primary risk factor for gout?
High levels of uric acid.
27
What joints are most commonly affected by gout?
Mainly the big toe and hands.
28
What dietary factors can increase the risk of gout?
* Obesity * Alcohol ingestion * High purine diet
29
What medications are commonly used to manage gout?
* Allopurinol * Colchicine * NSAIDs
30
What does a urinalysis evaluate?
Physical and chemical properties of urine.
31
What does dark urine indicate?
Concentrated urine.
32
What does cloudy or foggy urine suggest?
Possible infection or high protein levels.
33
What is the normal pH range for urine?
4.6-8.
34
What indicates hyperglycemia in a urinalysis?
Presence of glucose.
35
What collection method is used to avoid contamination?
Clean-catch specimen.
36
What is the primary prevention method for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Increase fluids.
37
What are common symptoms of a UTI?
* Urinary frequency * Painful urination * Incontinence * Hematuria * Suprapubic tenderness * Urinary urgency
38
What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Reversible condition with three causes: pre-renal, intrarenal, and post-renal.
39
What are the signs and symptoms of AKI?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Abdominal pain * Oliguria * Retention
40
What interventions are used for AKI management?
* IV fluids * Diuretics * Dextrose, insulin, and calcium to decrease potassium
41
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Systemic, chronic disorder with various causes.
42
What are the common signs and symptoms of CKD?
* Edema * Dyspnea * Fatigue * Oliguria * Difficulty peeing
43
What are the two types of dialysis?
* Hemodialysis * Peritoneal dialysis
44
What is the primary complication associated with kidney transplants?
Rejection and infection.
45
What are the ABCDEs of melanoma?
* Asymmetry * Border irregularity * Color variation * Diameter (6mm +) * Evolution
46
What are primary lesions in dermatology?
* Macules * Papules * Nodules * Plaques * Vesicles * Pustules * Cysts * Wheals
47
What are secondary lesions?
Developed from primary lesions or consequences of the patient's actions.
48
What are some signs of skin cancer risk factors?
* Fair skin * Blue eyes * Sunburn history * High UV exposure
49
What treatment is common for herpes simplex virus?
Acyclovir.
50
What are the symptoms of shingles?
* Pain * Sensitivity to light * Burning * Tingling * Red rash with fluid-filled blisters * Itching * Fever * Headache * Fatigue * Rash on one side of the body
51
What virus causes chickenpox?
Varicella-zoster virus ## Footnote The virus can later reactivate as shingles.
52
What are the main symptoms of shingles?
* Pain, burning, and tingling in a specific area of the body * Red rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters * Itching * Fever, headache, fatigue ## Footnote Symptoms may vary among individuals.
53
Can you catch shingles from someone else?
No, but you can catch chickenpox from the blisters if you never had it or the vaccine. ## Footnote Shingles is not contagious but can lead to chickenpox in susceptible individuals.
54
What is a recommended antiviral medication for shingles?
Acyclovir ## Footnote Acyclovir helps reduce symptoms of shingles.
55
What are some pain relief options for shingles?
* Acetaminophen * Tylenol ## Footnote These medications can help alleviate pain associated with shingles.
56
What is the shingles vaccine called?
Shingrix ## Footnote The vaccine is recommended for prevention of shingles.
57
What is pediculosis?
A parasitic disorder caused by head lice ## Footnote It is itchy and contagious.
58
What should be done before using medicated shampoo for head lice?
Remove head lice manually ## Footnote This should be done before treatment.
59
What is the primary intention healing?
Edges approximated, as seen in paper cuts or surgical incisions ## Footnote This type of healing occurs in clean, closed wounds.
60
What characterizes secondary intention healing?
Open wound heals by granulation ## Footnote Examples include ulcers, trauma, and infections.
61
What is tertiary intention healing?
Delayed closure after contamination is resolved ## Footnote This involves leaving the wound open initially.
62
What does a lower number on the Braden Scale indicate?
Higher risk for pressure ulcers ## Footnote This scale measures pressure ulcer severity or risk.
63
What actions should be taken to prevent pressure injuries?
* Nutrition * Turning the patient * Wound dressings * Physical therapy * Drug therapy ## Footnote Documenting interventions is crucial.
64
What is the priority when measuring wounds?
Keeping measurements consistent with co-workers ## Footnote Consistency is vital for accurate assessment.
65
What is the correct order for measuring a wound?
* Measure head to toe first * Measure side to side * Measure depth of the wound ## Footnote This method ensures thorough assessment.
66
What should be taught to the patient regarding wound care?
How to take care of the wound and demonstrate the process ## Footnote Patient education is key to effective healing.
67
What are essential components for proper wound healing?
* Proper nutrition * Dressing changes * Physical mobility * Preventing infections * Washing hands * Cleaning wounds in a sterile manner ## Footnote These practices promote effective healing and reduce complications.

MedSurg (4 decks)

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