Final Exam Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What theory accounts for coarticulation?
A
Dynamic Action Theory
2
Q
What muscle shortens the tongue and raises it upward?
A
Superior longitudinal muscle
3
Q
What muscle is responsible for non-nasal sounds?
A
Levator veli palatini
4
Q
What are the cavities of the articulatory system?
A
Oral
Buccal
Nasal
Pharyngeal
5
Q
What are the three regions of the pharynx, from superior to inferior?
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
6
Q
Superior
A
Above
7
Q
Inferior
A
Below
8
Q
Ipsilateral
A
same side
9
Q
contralateral
A
opposite side
10
Q
What is the 2nd most mobile articulator?
A
The lips
11
Q
What is the most mobile articulator?
A
The tongue
12
Q
List the articulators
A
Lips
Tongue
Jaw
Soft Palate
13
Q
The lips are responsible for what consonants?
A
/p,b,m,f,v/
14
Q
What is prognathia?
A
Protrusion of the mandible. The mandible sits anterior to the maxilla.
15
Q
Anterior
A
(protrustion) is forward to
16
Q
Posterior
A
sits behind
17
Q
retrognathia
A
underdevelopment of mandible (mandible is posterior to maxilla)
18
Q
List the fibrous joints found in the cranium:
A
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoidal suture
Parietomastoid suture
19
Q
list the fibrous joint found in the facial skeleton
A
Temperomandibular joint
20
Q
This suture separates the front and parietal bones
A
coronal suture
21
Q
This suture separates the parietal bones
A
sagittal suture
22
Q
This suture separates occipital bone from parietal and temporal bones
A
lambdoidal suture
23
Q
This suture separates the parietal and temporal bones
A
parietomastoid suture
24
Q
What is Boyle’s law?
A
The inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature
25
List the abdominal muscles, from most superficial to most deep.
1. external oblique (most superficial)
2. internal oblique
3. rectus abdominis
4. transverse abdominis (deepest)
26
What is glottal fry?
It is the lowest fundamental frequency.
VF close quickly. It is the long closed phase of the cycle
VF free margins appear flaccid, but are tightly closed
Bubbles of air escape, giving it a "popcorn" quality
it is the least flexible
involves low airflow
27
What is the frequency of glottal fry?
Less than 100 Hz.
28
Describe the modal register:
Has the widest range of fundamental frequency
| It is the normal speaking voice
29
Describe Falsetto
It is the highest Fundamnetal frequency
| VFs do not usually close completely
30
What is Van Der Merwe's framework for speech production?
Intent-----linguistic symbolic planning-----motor planning/programming------execution
31
What are the biological functions of the respiratory, laryngeal, and oral cavity/systems?
Communication between the respiratory tract and the atmosphere
- Beginning of the digestive tract/mastication and enzymatic breakdown
32
Where do the sarcomeres live?
the Myofibrils.
33
True or false?
According to the neurochronaxic theory of voice production, each opening and closing of the vocal folds is due to separate nerve firing and muscle contractions.
TRUE!
34
True or false?
Both the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage are essential structures for phonation.
FALSE!
35
T/F
| The interarytenoid muscle is important for position and support of the larynx.
FALSE!
36
T/F
The physical manifestation of intensity is pitch.
FALSE!
37
T/F
| The thyrovocalis muscle has an attachment at the muscular process of the arytenoid.
FASLE!
38
T/F
| Using a strobe light during laryngoscopy allows for visualization of the vocal folds vibrating.
TRUE!
39
T/F
| Flexible laryngoscopy allows for assessment of laryngeal function during conversational speech.
TRUE!
40
T/F
The omohyoid muscle is a suprahyoid muscle.
FALSE!
41
T/F
The anterior digastric muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the larynx which is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X).
FALSE!
42
As mass per unit (or mass/length) increases, tension decreases, and fundamental frequency decreases.
TRUE!
43
Which of the following vocal fold configurations would have a larger glottis?
Vocal folds fully abducted
OR
Vocal folds fully adducted
Vocal folds fully abducted
44
Which is the space beneath the vocal folds extending to the first tracheal ring?
Laryngeal Vestibule
Ventricles
Glottal Space
Subglottal Space
Subglottal Space
45
The ____________________ is the part of the thyroid that arises from its lateral surface and projects superiorly, attaching indirectly to the hyoid bone.
Superior Cornu
46
To increase loudness at very low fundamental frequencies, you need to increase:
Glottal resistance
47
Which of the following structures is not composed of elastic cartilage?
```
corniculate cartilages
thyroid cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
epiglottis
all of the above are composed of elastic cartilage.
```
thyroid cartilage
48
On average, the male voice’s fundamental frequency during reading is:
112-146 Hz
49
Lowering the pitch of your voice involves ___________ the vocal folds.
relaxing
50
The rocking motion of the __________ cartilage relative to the __________ cartilage can increase pitch.
thyroid
| cricoid
51
Which of the following consist of only extrinsic ligaments/membranes?
Lateral hyothyroid ligament, conus elasticus, glossoepiglottic ligament
Middle hyothyroid ligament, vocal ligament, thyroepiglottic ligament
Vocal ligament, posterior cricoarytenoid ligament, conus elasticus
Lateral hyothyroid ligament, cricotracheal membrane, glossoepiglottic ligament
Middle hyothyroid ligament, vocal ligament, thyroepiglottic ligament
52
The anterior portion of the vocal folds attaches to the ________ cartilage(s) and the posterior portion attaches to the _________ cartilage(s):
thyroid
| arytenoid
53
Which of the following consist only of muscles used in adduction:
thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid
transverse, vertical, oblique
thyrovocalis, thyromuscularis, cricothyroid
oblique interarytenoid, tranverse interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid
none of the above
oblique interarytenoid, tranverse interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid
54
The glottal fry register is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:
```
Long closed quotient
Least flexible of the vocal registers
Flaccid vocal fold edges
Low airflow
All of the above are true about the glottal fry register.
```
All of the above are true about the glottal fry register.
55
Each of the following are joints within the laryngeal mechanism:
```
A. Cricothyroid joint
B. Cricoarytenoid joint
C. Thyroarytenoid joint
A & B
A & C
```
A and B
56
The following are all laryngeal depressors:
Digastric, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid
Digastric, Sternothyroid, Mylohyoid, Sternohyoid
Omohyoid, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Thyrohyoid
Thyrohyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid
None of the above
Thyrohyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid
57
A person makes the following group of phonations: ah, ah, ah, ah, ah (note: Each separation with a comma indicates a separate ‘ah.’) For this example, how many times are the vocal folds adducted using a muscle contraction?
5
58
All of the following are objective parameters used to assess vocal quality, except:
```
intensity
shimmer
spectrum
open quotient
all of the above are objective parameters of vocal quality.
```
all of the above are objective parameters of vocal quality.
59
Falsetto vocal fold register is due to:
longer, thinner vocal folds
60
A functional larynx is essential for all of the following except:
thoracic fixation
phonation
coughing
airway protection
all of the above require a functional larynx
all of the above require a functional larynx
61
What specific structures of the aging larynx are likely to be impacted by ossification of hyaline cartilage?
The cricothyroid would be affected if there was ossification of hyaline cartilage.
62
What perceptual voice changes would you expect in the male aging voice secondary to atrophy of the thyrovocalis muscle?
There would be an increase in pitch, because the fundamental frequency would rise.
63
What nerve innervates the diaphragm? What is the diaphragm’s point of attachment to the sternum?
The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. The diaphragm's point of attachment to the sternum is the xiphoid process.
64
The lower lip is less mobile than the upper lip. True or false?
False.
65
T/F
A retrognathic or Class II malocclusion occurs when the maxilla lies posteriorly to the mandible.
FALSE!
66
T/F
Both the posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are essential for the production of voiced consonants.
False
67
T/F
The anterior portion of the hard palate is made up of the maxilla bone.
True.
68
T/F
The parietomastoid suture is a fibrous joint containing a large articulatory space.
False.
69
Match the following types of speech sounds to the correct articulators:
1. linguapalatal
2. linguadental
2. labiodental
1. tongue to palate.
2. tongue to teeth.
3. lip to teeth
70
The temporomandibular joint is formed by the:
Condyloid process of mandible and temporal bone.
71
What is a common muscle employed in the production of all the following sounds /g, d, p, s/? (Hint – the answer is not a primary mover muscle)
Levator veli palatini
72
The function of the hyoglossus muscle includes all of the following:
a. Draw tongue back
b. Draw tongue downward
c. Draw tongue upward
d. A and C
e. A and B
A and B
73
Label the muscle “A” if it elevates the mandible, and “B” if it depresses (lowers) the mandible.
1. Temporalis
2. Geniohyoid
3. Masseter
4. Lateral Pterygoid
temporalis-raises
geniohyoid-depresses
masseter-elevates
lateral pterygoid- depresses
74
The phonemes ‘sh’, ‘ch’, & ‘r’ share what common primary mover muscle?
Genioglossus & Superior longitudinal muscle
75
Of the theories of speech production, which can account for auditory feedback, but not for phoneme variation seen with coarticulation?
Central control theory
76
What is a common muscle employed in the production of all the following sounds /m, n, d/? (Hint – the answer is not a primary mover muscle)
Lateral cricoartenoid
77
All of the following are parts of the tongue, except:
Apex
Base
Dorsum
Root
All of the above are parts of the tongue.
All of the above are parts of the tongue.
78
For the following types of sounds, indicate which muscle(s) move the primary articulator.
Labiodental:
Linguavelar:
Inferior orbicularis oris
| Styloglossus & Palatoglossus
79
The parietal bone is classified as a:
Cranial bone
80
The cavity bounded by nares anteriorly and posteriorly by the nasopharynx is the:
nasal cavity
81
The following are all facial bones:
1. occipital, zygomatic, temporal
2. parietal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae
3. maxilla, sphenoid, mandible
4. lacrimal, nasal, palatine
lacrimal, nasal, palatine
82
The upper teeth are housed in the alveolar process of the _________ bone.
maxilla
83
Which of the following consist only of muscles that manipulate the velum:
1. uvula, transverse, palatoglossus
2. tensor veli palatini, vertical, superior constrictor
3. levator veli palatini, genioglossus, stylopharyngeus
4. palatoglossus, uvula, tensor veli palatini
4. palatoglossus, uvula, tensor veli palatini
84
The buccinator, when contracted
compresses the cheeks
85
What are 2 phonemes produced with the orbicularis oris and lateral cricoarytenoid as movers?
/b/ & /m/
86
The _____ muscle can be used to lower the velum.
palatoglossus
87
All of the following muscles are innervated by Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve) except:
1. Levator veli palatini
2. Palatoglossus
3. Tensor veli palatini
4. Uvula muscle
5. All of the above are innervated by Cranial Nerve X.
Tensor veli palatini
88
Select one of the anatomical differences (disorders) we discussed in the 'clinical considerations' module. How and why does that specific anatomical difference affect articulation? Be succinct, but complete.
Macroglossia is a condition where the tongue is too large for the oral cavity. this difference affects articulation, among other things, because if the tongue is too large, it will not be able to move very well inside the oral cavity. Without enough space, the tongue will be unable to articulate certain sounds and will block much of the airway.
89
The phase of swallowing where the food is brought to the mouth, sucked, chewed, and mixed with saliva.
oral prepatory phase
90
fancy word for chewing
masticate
91
This method of assessing swallowing allows for visualization of function DURING swallowing.
videofluoroscopy
92
a formed mass of liquid or food to ingest
bolus
93
This process is limited to the placement of food in the mouth prior to swallow initiation (hint: includes the oral preparatory and oral phases).
feeding
94
This method of assessing swallowing requires exposure to x-ray.
videofluoroscopy
95
This method of assessing swallowing involves the ingestion of barium contrast
videofluoroscopy
96
This method of assessing swallowing allows for the direct visualization of laryngeal structure and function for swallowing.
FEES
| Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing
97
The phase of swallowing where there is inversion of the epiglottis, hyolaryngeal elevation/excursion, and laryngeal closure
pharyngeal phase
98
This method of assessing swallowing allows for scanning of the esophagus during swallowing.
videofluoroscopy
99
When foreign material passes below the level of the vocal folds.
aspiration
100
The term used for a “swallowing disorder.”
dysphagia
101
The TWO phases of swallow which are largely considered to be controlled by involuntary processes:
pharyngeal phase
| esophogeal phase
102
When foreign material enters the airway, but remains above the level of the vocal folds.
penentration
103
what are the muscles of forced expiration?
The internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, and external obliques are all muscles of forced expiration.
104
The external oblique muscle is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle
true or false
true
105
Injury to T2-T5 may result in damage to the Phrenic Nerve.
false!
106
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
the phrenic nerve
107
list the correct descending order of the vocal tract
Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, bronchi, alveoli
108
The pleura lines the lungs.
visceral pleura
109
The last cartilage of the trachea bifurcates (separates) at the
Carina
110
the pelvic girdle consists of
the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
111
Which of the following muscles are the principal accessory muscles for forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, scalene muscle group, pectoralis minor
112
The ribs attach to which of the following vertebrae:
t1-t 12
113
Describe the oral stage of swallowing
25. Oral stage of swallowing:
Posterior movement of the bolus
a. Bolus squeezed back
i. Ant – post. squeezing action through groove
ii. Faucial arches
b. Bolus held between tongue and soft palate (palatoglossus)
c. Pharyngeal stage “triggered”
114
the external intercostals
increase the size of the thoracic cavity when they contract
115
describe the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
Pharyngeal stage of swallowing:
a. Base of tongue – PPW contact (PG, SG, Sup constrictor)
b. Soft palate closure
c. Hyolaryngeal elevation/excursion
d. Laryngeal closure
a. Vocal folds closed
b. Vestibule closes
c. Epiglottis inverts
e. “stripping” action by constrictors
f. UES relaxes/pulled open
116
24. FEES vs. VFES
describe this
117
list swallowing complications
```
Penetration
Aspiration
Pneumonia
Malnutrition
Dehydration
Negative Social impact
Reductions in quality of life
```
118
what muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
No muscles are involved in quiet expiration. Recoil is the primary mechanism to reduced the dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
119
a sarcomere is composed of
A sarcomere is comprised of actin and myosin
120
what is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Speech is not the primary biological function of the respiratory system. Gas exchange is the primary function.
121
Injury to T2-T5 may result in damage to the Phrenic Nerve.
False!
122
The functional residual capacity of an individual includes his/her
residual volume.
123
The lung-thorax unit is closest to equilibrium at 65% vital capacity.
false!
124
The pectoralis major, serrates anterior and scalene muscle do NOT all have attachments in the arm/shoulder
True or False?
TRUE
125
The only joint type containing an articulatory space is
A Synovial joint
126
According to the neurochronaxic theory of voice production, each opening and closing of the vocal folds is due to separate nerve firing and muscle contractions
TRUE!!!
127
Both the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage are essential structures for phonation.
FALSE!
128
The interarytenoid muscle is important for position and support of the larynx.
FALSE!
129
The physical manifestation of intensity is pitch.
false!!
130
The thyrovocalis muscle has an attachment at the muscular process of the arytenoid.
FALSE!
131
Using a strobe light during laryngoscopy allows for visualization of the vocal folds vibrating.
TRUE!
132
Flexible laryngoscopy allows for assessment of laryngeal function during conversational speech
TRUE!
133
The omohyoid muscle is a suprahyoid muscle.
true!
134
he anterior digastric muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the larynx which is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X).
True
False
TRUE!
135
As mass per unit (or mass/length) increases, tension decreases, and fundamental frequency decreases.
TRUE!!
136
Which layer of the vocal fold is active (as opposed to passive)?
VOCALIS MUSCLE
137
Which of the following vocal fold configurations would have a larger glottis?
VF abducted?
VF adducted?
VF ABducted
138
Which is the space beneath the vocal folds extending to the first tracheal ring?
subglottal space
139
The ____________________ is the part of the thyroid that arises from its lateral surface and projects superiorly, attaching indirectly to the hyoid bone.
superior cornu
140
To increase loudness at very low fundamental frequencies, you need to increase:
glottal resistance
141
The smallest part of a muscle organ that contracts is the
sarcomere
142
What forces (including active and/or passive forces) are involved in the forced inspiration?
Speech breathing involves a forced inspiration followed by a prolonged and controlled expiration
143
If you want to speak loudly at 60% vital capacity, what are the main forces at work?
expiratory muscles
144
If you wanted to speak softly at 70% vital capacity, what are the main forces at work?
elasticity and inspiratory checking muscles
145
The functional residual capacity of an individual includes his/her residual volume.
true!
146
Quiet inspiration is under autonomic control.
true!
147
The lung-thorax unit is closest to equilibrium at 65% vital capacity.
false!
148
The transverse plane divides the body into:
upper and lower
149
Which type of muscle tissue attaches primarily to the skeletal system?
striated
150
When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure in the lungs, air flows the lungs according to Boyles Law.
OUT of
151
Which division of the pleura coats the thoracic cavity?
parietal
152
Which plane of reference divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
coronal
153
Hyaline cartilage is:
susceptible to ossification
154
is the amount of air in the lungs after a maximum expiration.
residual volume
155
The diaphragm is in a dome shaped position:
at rest
156
Which of the following is a muscle used in active expiration:
Quadratus Lumborum
157
The carina is considered part of the
lower airway
158
Speech breathing involves a forced inspiration followed by a prolonged and controlled expiration.
a. What forces (including active and/or passive forces) are involved in the forced inspiration?
In forced inspiration, the external intercostals, diaphragm and the accessory muscles are used to increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity. When the thoracic cavity increases, there is an increase in volume, resulting in less pressure than the atmosphere. A larger amount of air can then be taken in.
159
The anterior portion of the hard palate is made up of what bone?
bone
maxilla
160
What bone is located at the base of the skull and articulates with the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones?
bone
sphenoid
161
What muscle functions to raise the back of the tongue and lower the soft palate?
muscle
palatoglossus
162
What soft palate muscle is most important for the production of non-nasal sounds?
muscle
levator veli palatinie
163
list the fibrous joints of the skull
coronal
sagittal
parietomastoid
lambdoidal
164
List the primary muscle for tongue depression.
muscle
genioglossus
165
What is a common muscle employed in the production of all the following sounds /k, d, b, s/?
muscle
levator veli palatini
