Final Exam Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What is the term we use to describe the interference in the perception of the sound due to the presence of a competing sound?
A
Masking.
2
Q
Why do we use masking in audiology?
A
To isolate the test ear so that the non-test ear does not interfere when there is a difference of 40dBhl between the ears. You want to separate the cochleas.
3
Q
How many rows of inner cells does the organ of corti have?
A
One row of inner hair cells.
4
Q
How many rows of outer hair cells does the organ of corti have?
A
Three rows of OUTER hair cells.
5
Q
What happens to period of a wave form if the frequency of a sinusoidal wave increases?
A
The period (time) will decrease.
6
Q
In an auditory system, the analog information or mechanical energy will change to digital information at what point along the auditory pathway?
A
In the sensory cells. (cochlea, inner ear, sensory cells).
7
Q
What happens when the inaural time and inaural level differences are identical?
A
Cone of Confusion.
8
Q
What is the term to describe periodic variations in the air that resulted from a combination of two slightly different frequencies or the periodic mixing of points of compression with points of rarefaction?
A
beats.
9
Q
What is a period of a thousand Hz pure tone?
A
1 millisecond.
10
Q
What structures of the auditory system that energy travels?
A
outer inner
middle ear-malleus, incus, stapes
inner ear-cochlea
CANS-
REVIEW THIS
11
Q
how is a sinusoid described?
A
Amplitude, frequency and time!
12
Q
What is the back and forth movement of an object around it’s original position called?
A
vibration
13
Q
What are the reference values for Sound pressure level?
A
.0002dns/cm2
or
2 micropascals
14
Q
What is the term used to describe sound pressure changes due to intervening structures?
A
head related transfer function
15
Q
What frequencies do humans hear best at?
A
1,000-4,000 Hz
16
Q
What are the three physical attributes of sound?
A
Frequency
Amplitude
Time duration (same as describing sinusoid!)
17
Q
What happens for every 3dB increase in sound pressure level?
A
It doubles.
18
Q
When the stapes moves laterally or outward and pushes on part of the oval window, what part of the cochlea is affected regarding the fluid?
A
fluid is pushed into the scala media
19
Q
If you have displacement of a wave and the peak positive amplitude is 5 and the negative amplitude is 5, what would the peak to peak amplitude be?
A
10mm
20
Q
If the peak amplitude in the positive was 10 and the negative was 10, what would the peak to peak amplitude be?
A
20mm
21
Q
What are the main characteristics of an audiogram?
A
pictorial representation of hearing threshhold
graphical or serial
generally plotted in dBHL
22
Q
What has the highest positive potential in the body, and is located in the endolynth?
A
The resting potential.
23
Q
If the ossicular chain’s function is disrupted and you lose your middle ear function, how much hearing loss would you most likely have?
A
26.9 dB
24
Q
What are the three ossicles called (their formal names?)
A
malleus
incus
stapes
25
What is a cochlear emission?
a term used for echoic sound that is emitted by the cochlea after a click or tone burst sound is delivered into the outer ear canal.
26
What are the phases of a disturbance called for air molecules moving as a sound travels from a sound source from a medium to a receiver?
rarefaction and compression/condensation
27
which noise is commonly used to mask thresh hold noise?
white (gauzian) broadband noise
28
what is the frequency range of the outer ear canal resonance in terms of amplification?
1500-7000Hz
| 1.5k to 7k Hz
29
What structure in the inner ear prodives a rich blood supply and oxygen required for basic metabolic function or control of the cochlea?
The stria vascularis
30
does Tonotopic organization apply to just the cochlea?
No. It goes up into the auditory brain stem.
31
What is the part of the middle ear that helps us with balance function?
semicircular canals.
32
what part of the middle ear system is responsible for equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmospheric pressure?
Eustachian tube.
33
What is the range of human hearing?
20-20,000 Hz.
34
In terms of a temporary temporary threshhold shift, will it increase or decrease with an increase in duration and intensity of noise exposure?
Increase.
35
What two things are required for an object to vibrate?
Mass and Stiffness (elasticity)
36
Our ability to locate the position of a sound source in space depends on what?
time and intensity cues
37
What is a type of tone in audiology we use to test hearing?
pure tone
38
In terms of noise exposure, which frequencies are generally affected on an audiogram when there is noise induced hearing loss?
3-6,000 Hz.
39
a .5 msec of a tone is equal to how many Hz?
2,000 Hz
40
Which anatomical structure in the CANS is located between the inferior coliculus and the auditory complex?
The medial geniculate body.
41
What three factors contribute to noise induced hearing loss?
type of sound
level (intensity) of sound
duration of sound
42
What are physiological functions of the middle ear?
impedence mismatching
transduces acoustic energy to mechanical energy
air pressure equalization (MAIN function!)
43
What part of the outer ear helps to transduce acoustic energy to mechanical energy?
Tempanic Membrane
| Ossicular Chain
44
What does a pascal measure?
pressure
45
What does a decibel measure?
the dynamic range of hearing.
46
On an audiogram, the higher (top) portion of the graph, or lower thresholds, represents:
better hearing
worse hearing
individual hair cell counts
combined hair cell responses
Better hearing
47
```
The amount of damage to the ear for noise-induced hearing loss is determined by what?
type of the noise
duration of the noise exposure
level of the noise exposure
all of the above
none of the above
```
all of the above
48
```
Which of the following transducers/sound sources is used to measure the minimum audible field (MAF)?
headphones
insert earphones
bone oscillator
loudspeakers
```
loudspeakers
49
Which of the following is a true statement?
the range between the thresholds of detection and pain is called the minimum audible threshold
the threshold of detection is 10 dB for all frequencies
the threshold of pain is approximately 140 dB
the dynamic range is160 dB in normal hearing listeners
the threshold of pain is approximately 140 dB
50
What is the term used to describe a hearing loss that usually recovers after auditory rest?
permanent threshold shift
temporary threshold shift
low frequency, sensorineural hearing loss
high frequency, sensorineural hearing loss
temporary threshold shift
51
```
What do phons measure?
pitch of a sound
timbre of a sound
duration of sound
loudness of a sound
none of the above
```
loudness of a sound
52
```
What part of the Auditory Pathway of the CANS has nerve fibers that separate into the Anteroventral and Dorsal, and suggests an inhibitory network?
Inferior Colliculus
Cochlear Nucleus
Superior Olivary Complex
Cochlea
Medial Geniculate Body
```
Cochlear Nucleus
53
True or False:
High-frequency signals cannot mask low-frequency signals.
True
54
The Central Auditory Nervous System (CANS) continues to develop after birth:
True
False
True
55
At what point along the brainstem within the CANS do the neurons receive significant input from both cochleas, and contains 4 nuclei?
the superior olivary complex
56
```
What term relates to the smallest level required for detection of the frequency of a tone, or the smallest amount of pressure to which the auditory system is sensitive?
threshold of discomfort
threshold of audibility
threshold of pain
none of the above
```
threshold of audibility
57
```
What is the term for a graphical, or serial, representation of hearing, usually plotted in dB HL?
Audiogram
Auditory brainstem Response
Otoacoutic emission test
none of the above
```
audiogram
58
```
The otologic condition in which sound input from a signal grows at an abnormal rate of loudness perception is:
pitch distortion
adaptation
recruitment
equal temperament
```
recruitment
59
What are the proper ascending points of the Central Auditory Nervous System pathway starting from the Cochlea to the Auditory Cortex?
Cochlea, Cochlear Nucleus, Ipsilateral/Contralateral Superior Olivary Complex, through and around the lateral lamniscus to the Inferior Colliculus, medial geniculate body, and finally to the auditory cortex
60
```
What is the term used to describe two tones presented at different times so the separation in time allows us to determine the sources?
temporal onsets/offsets
temporal modulations
spatial separation
temporal separation
```
temporal separation
61
The Central Auditory Nervous System pathway, from the cochlea up through the auditory cortex is tonotopically (or topographically) organized?
true or false?
true!
62
Antibiotics such as kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin will NOT generally be toxic to the inner ear hair cells and stria vascularis?
True or false?
False!
63
```
When a sound arrives at one ear before the other ear, generally due to head placement in reference to a sound source, this is known as:
Interaural Phase Difference
Interaural Level Difference
Interaural Time Difference
Masking Level Difference
None of the above
```
Interaural Time Difference
64
```
The basic speech sound is called:
a consonant
a vowel
a phoneme
none of the above
```
a phoneme
65
```
What is the best, or most common medical, term used to describe fluid in the middle ear:
otalgia
otosclerosis
otitis media
ototoxicity
```
otitis media
66
```
Different sounds presented to both ears is a listening condition referred to as:
monotic
diotic
dichotic
simultaneous masking
pitch detection
```
dichotic
67
```
Vocal tract includes:
oral cavity, tongue, nasal cavity
lungs, pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity
palate, oral cavity, tongue
```
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity
68
```
One _____ equals the loudness of a 1000Hz tone that is presented at 40 dB SPL.
phoneme
phon
allophone
sone
```
sone
69
```
What is the term used to describe when all tones appear equally loud to the listener at every frequency?
equal sound level
equal loudness contour
symmetrical hearing level
asymmetrical hearing level
```
equal loudness contour
70
Loudness is the same thing as intensity:
true or false
true o
true!
71
```
A plot of frequency as a function of time is a:
waveform
spectrum
psychometric function
spectrograph
```
spectrograph
72
```
Waardenburg’s and Usher’s Syndromes cause what type of hearing loss?
hearing loss due to infection
hearing loss due to aging
hearing loss due to heredity
hearing loss due to noise
```
hearing loss due to heredity
73
noise exposure most commonly damages:
ear drum
inner hair cells
stria vascularis
basilar membrane
outer hair cells
OUTER hair cells
74
```
A neural tuning curve is produced by using _______ and recording from _______.
multiple tones : multiple fibers
a single tone : a single fiber
multiple tones : a single fiber
a single tone : multiple fibers
```
multiple tones : a single fiber
75
```
What are the names of the middle ear muscles?
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
Capulum
a and b
b and c
```
tensor tympani
| stapedius
76
True or False?
Perilymph contains mostly potassium (K) ions with some sodium (Na) ions?
False!
77
```
Beginning at the round window, if a scuba diver was to swim all the way through the length of the cochlea to the oval window, the scuba diver would be forced to pass through this structure:
Internal auditory meatus
Reissner’s membrane
Helicotrema
Basilar membrane
```
Helicotrema
78
True or false?
The majority of the afferent nerve fibers (95%) come from the inner hair cells
True
79
Which statement best describes the cochlear microphonic?
Direct current voltage; exists without acoustic stimulation
Alternating current voltage; generated by auditory nerve in response to acoustic stimulation; mimics the input in frequency and amplitude
Direct current voltage; appears only during acoustic stimulation
Alternating current voltage; appears only during acoustic stimulation; mimics the input in frequency and amplitude
Alternating current voltage; appears only during acoustic stimulation; mimics the input in frequency and amplitude
80
What is the most important evidence for an active cochlea, and is used as a more objective test for cochlear function for newborn hearing screenings and to rule out hearing loss in those who try to fake hearing loss?
Auditory Brainstem Response
Tuning curves
Otoacoustic emissions
Frequency-specific ABR
otoacoustic emissions
81
A nerve fiber has a:
Negative charge on the outside and a positive charge on the inside
Neutral charge on the inside
Positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside
Neutral charge on the outside
Positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside
82
These cells send out phalangeal processes that form the matrix of the reticular lamina, and act as a supporting cell for the outer hair cell (one per cell):
Claudius cells
Hensen cells
Deiter cells
Tectorial membrane
deiter cells
83
The total d.c. resting potential between the inside and outside hair cells in the organ of Corti is approximately:
0 mV
80 mV
150 mV
0 to 5 mV
not d.c., but rather a.c. at this location
150 mv
84
```
An acoustically evoked compound action potential is:
generated by hair cells
generated by the 8th nerve
a resting potential
generated by the tympanic membrane
none of the above
```
generated by the 8th nerve
85
Traveling wave motion:
always starts in the base and travels toward the apex
results in high frequency coding in the basal end of the basilar membrane
results in low frequency coding primarily in the apical end of the basilar membrane
all of the above
all of the above
86
Hair cell motility:
may contribute to the otoacoustic emission (acoustic echo)
refers to damage caused by noise exposure
alters ear canal properties
a and b
all of the above
may contribute to the otoacoustic emission (acoustic echo)
87
what do pascals measure?
pressure
88
what are the different resting potentials
Resting Potential, Summating Potential, Cochlear Microphonic, Auditory Action Potential
