Final Exam- Quizzes

Question 1

A function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice during protein digestion is to:

Answer 1

denature the quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures of protein

Question 2

Choose the correct order of enzyme activities in protein digestion.

Answer 2

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Question 3

In general, most amino acids are absorbed from the:

Answer 3

duodenum and jejunum

Question 4

The term for an amino acid that carries both a positive and negative charge (dipolar) which then makes a net charge of 0 (neutral) is:

Answer 4

Zwitterion

Question 5

Enzymes

Answer 5

catalysts that change the rate of reactions occurring in the body

Question 6

Hormones

Answer 6

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes

Question 7

Structural proteins

Answer 7

fibrous and contractile proteins found in bone, teeth, skin, muscles, blood vessels and hair

Question 8

Immunoproteins

Answer 8

bind to antigens and inactivates them or causes them to be destroyed

Question 9

Transport proteins

Answer 9

combine with nutrients and regulate their circulation and their flow into and out of cells

Question 10

T/F: Dietary proteins must be completely hydrolyzed to free amino acids, because only free amino acids are absorbed by the enterocyte.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

T/F: Cardiovascular disease risk is not impacted by replacing fat in the diet with refined carbohydrates (according to the study presented in class).

Answer 11

False

Question 12

T/F: Urinary ketosis is a good method of measuring compliance to a ketogenic diet (according to the study presented in class).

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is the primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein, providing about 50% of the liver energy needs after a meal?​

Answer 13

Oxidation

Question 14

Which organ serves as the primary site of amino acid metabolism?​

Answer 14

Liver

Question 15

The branched-chain amino acids found in the systemic circulation include:

Answer 15

valine, leucine, isoleucine

Question 16

Amino acids that are metabolized mostly in skeletal muscles are those with side chains ____.

Answer 16

that are branched

Question 17

When the amino group has been removed from an amino acid, the carbon skeleton or α-keto acid may be used in many different ways. Which of the following is NOT a possible fate for the carbon skeleton?

Answer 17

synthesis of creatine

Question 18

An intracellular deficiency of protease will interfere with ____.​

Answer 18

Protein degradation

Question 19

Which two substances promote amino acid degradation?​

Answer 19

glucocorticoids and glucagon

Question 20

T/F: mTOR is a large protein kinase that opposes the effects of insulin (i.e. down-regulates protein synthesis).

Answer 20

False

Question 21

T/F: Skeletal muscle cells can breakdown glycogen to glucose for fuel AND release glucose into the bloodstream.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

T/F: Both methods of protein degradation require energy (ATP).

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Calculate the protein needs for a non-vegetarian strength athlete (male) who is 6’2, 210 lbs. (show your calculations).

Answer 23

1.2-1.7g/kg = 114.5-162 grams of protein.

Question 24

Which has the fastest absorption rate?

Answer 24

Beef protein

Question 25

Why is it important to incorporate both slow and fast proteins in your diet?

Answer 25

Amino acids released following ingestion and digestion of fast proteins appear to be utilized differently in the body when compared with amino acids released following ingestion and digestion of slow proteins. Ingestion of fast proteins better stimulates muscle protein and whole-body protein synthesis than slow proteins both at rest and following resistance exercise. Ingestion of foods providing slow proteins is important as the lower and more prolonged plasma amino acid concentrations that result from ingestion of these proteins help reduce protein breakdown.

Question 26

_____ is the protein quality measurement that is used for calculating the % Daily Value on Nutrition Facts Labels.

Answer 26

PDCAAS | protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

Question 27

T/F: Kwashiorkor results from a deficiency in protein and total energy.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Which substance can improve calcium absorption?

Answer 28

Lactose

Question 29

Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?​

Answer 29

PTH

Question 30

The active form of vitamin D in the body is:

Answer 30

Calcitriol

Question 31

T/F: Meats and grains are poor sources of calcium.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F: Regardless of age, the level of calcium absorption is the same.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Calculate the protein needs for a non-vegetarian strength athlete (male) who is 6’2, 210 lbs. (show your calculations).

Answer 33

1.2-1.7g/kg = 114.5-162 grams of protein.

Question 34

Which has the fastest absorption rate?

Answer 34

Beef protein

Question 35

Why is it important to incorporate both slow and fast proteins in your diet?

Answer 35

Ingestion of fast proteins better stimulates muscle protein and whole-body protein synthesis than slow proteins both at rest and following resistance exercise. Ingestion of foods providing slow proteins is important as the lower and more prolonged plasma amino acid concentrations that result from ingestion of these proteins help reduce protein breakdown.

Question 36

_____ is the protein quality measurement that is used for calculating the % Daily Value on Nutrition Facts Labels.

Answer 36

PDCAAS | protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

Question 37

T/F: Kwashiorkor results from a deficiency in protein and total energy.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Which substance can improve calcium absorption?

Answer 38

Lactose

Question 39

Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?​

Answer 39

PTH

Question 40

The active form of vitamin D in the body is:

Answer 40

Calcitriol

Question 41

T/F: Meats and grains are poor sources of calcium.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

T/F: Regardless of age, the level of calcium absorption is the same.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Which of the following are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume?​

Answer 43

Hypothalamus and kidney

Question 44

The most abundant cation in blood plasma is ____.

Answer 44

Sodium

Question 45

What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?

Answer 45

Hyperkalemia

Question 46

Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to:

Answer 46

Large protein molecules

Question 47

What is a major function of chloride?

Answer 47

Maintenance of gastric acidity

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for guarding against fluctuation in pH?

Answer 48

Temperature variation

Question 49

_______________ (body water reservoir) is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid.

Answer 49

Extracellular fluid

Question 50

Not including physically active adults, the recommended fluid intake for the average adult is approximately _____ mL per kg of body weight. For a 150 pound female, this is equivalent to ____ cups of fluid.

Answer 50

25-40 | 7-11

Question 51

Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: Ascorbic Acid

Answer 51

Promotes

Question 52

Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: low body stores

Answer 52

Promotes

Question 53

Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: Tea

Answer 53

Inhibits

Question 54

Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: Calcium

Answer 54

Inhibits

Question 55

Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: MFP

Answer 55

Promotes