final exam reivew

Question 1

probability

Answer 1

likelihood of something occurring

Question 2

outcome

Answer 2

possible result

Question 3

experimental trial

Answer 3

one iteration/attempt at an experiment

Question 4

experimental/empirical probability

Answer 4

based on experimental trial

Question 5

empirical probability formula

Answer 5

P(A) = n(A)/n(T)

Question 6

sum of probabilities

Answer 6

must equal 1

Question 7

subjective probability

Answer 7

ones own opinion

Question 8

theoretical probability

Answer 8

analyzing probable outcomes

Question 9

theoretical probability formula

Answer 9

P(A) = n(A)/n(S)

Question 10

sample space

Answer 10

the set of all possible outcomes

Question 11

compliment

Answer 11

set of outcomes not included in event (A’)

Question 12

odds in favour

Answer 12

P(A) : P(A’)

Question 13

odds against

Answer 13

P(A’) : P(A)

Question 14

comparing probability and odds

Answer 14

P(A) = h/h+k

Question 15

mutually exclusive

Answer 15

events that can not happen at the same time

Question 16

non-mutually exclusive

Answer 16

events that can happen at the same time

Question 17

independent events

Answer 17

outcome of first event has no influence on second

Question 18

dependent event

Answer 18

second event is influenced by first

Question 19

box method

Answer 19

using boxes to represent choices

Question 20

arrangement

Answer 20

ordered list of items

Question 21

factorial

Answer 21

multiplying sequential natural numbers going down

Question 22

permutations

Answer 22

arrangement of n distinct terms in definite order

Question 23

permutation notation

Answer 23

nPr

Question 24

combinations

Answer 24

selection from a group with no regard to order

Question 25

combination notation

Answer 25

nCr or n!/ (n-r)!n!

Question 26

sum of nth row

Answer 26

2^n

Question 27

tn,r

Answer 27

t n-1, r-1 +t n-1, r

Question 28

unique items in subsets

Answer 28

count cases or 2^n-1

Question 29

identical items in subsets

Answer 29

(p+1)(q+1)(r+1)...-1

Question 30

probability distribution

Answer 30

representation of all possible outcomes of experiment or sample space

Question 31

expected value

Answer 31

predicted average

Question 32

uniform distribution

Answer 32

all outcomes are equally likely

Question 33

binomial distribution

Answer 33

success or failure, independent, replacement

Question 34

hypergeometric distribution

Answer 34

uses combinations, p of success changes after every trial, no replacement, dependent

Question 35

discrete data

Answer 35

certain countable values like 1, 2, 3...

Question 36

continuous data

Answer 36

values within any range, unlimited # of values, like time/money

Question 37

categorical/qualitative data

Answer 37

distinct groups, can be represented as groups or percent

Question 38

nominal data

Answer 38

no order necessary like colours

Question 39

ordinal data

Answer 39

makes sense to be ordered/ranked

Question 40

binary data

Answer 40

yes or no answers

Question 41

sample

Answer 41

smaller set out of a population, hard to rep. whole pop., more bias

Question 42

population

Answer 42

all data is important, takes time and money, gets outdated

Question 43

primary source

Answer 43

collected directly by researcher, not yet manipulated or organized

Question 44

microdata

Answer 44

individual sets of data about one respondant

Question 45

secondary source

Answer 45

data used by someone other than the researcher

Question 46

aggregate data

Answer 46

data combined/organized so microdata can not be identified

Question 47

bias

Answer 47

any factor than influences/favours a certain outcome/response

Question 48

sampling bias

Answer 48

sample chosen is not a good representation of population

Question 49

non-response bias

Answer 49

certain groups choose not to participate

Question 50

measurement bias

Answer 50

collection method skews results

Question 51

response bias

Answer 51

participants change answer due to fear, embarrassment or what they think the questions wants

Question 52

simple random sample

Answer 52

randomly choose specific number of people

Question 53

systematic sample

Answer 53

put population in an ordered list and choose people at regular intervals, easy if you have a list in order

Question 54

stratified sample

Answer 54

divide sample into groups with the same proportions as those groups in the population, works well if there are different groups

Question 55

cluster sample

Answer 55

divide population into groups, randomly choose a number of the groups, sample each member of the chosen groups, not all groups may rep. the population

Question 56

multistage sample

Answer 56

divide the population into a hierarchy and choose a random sample at each level

Question 57

convenience sample

Answer 57

choose people who are easy to access, can be unreliable, cheap

Question 58

voluntary sample

Answer 58

allow participants to choose whether to participate or not, could produce heavily biased results based on question

Question 59

mean

Answer 59

the average, add up all terms and divide by # of terms

Question 60

median

Answer 60

the middle number

Question 61

mode

Answer 61

most repeated number

Question 62

range

Answer 62

largest - smallest

Question 63

measures of central tendencies

Answer 63

values around where a set of data tends to cluster

Question 64

outliers

Answer 64

values significantly out of range, affect the mean the most

Question 65

normal distribution graph

Answer 65

bell shape curve, mean median and mode are equal

Question 66

bimodal distribution graph

Answer 66

2 curves, mode is peak, median and mean and lowest point

Question 66

left skewed/negative graph

Answer 66

peak on right side, mean is lowest value

Question 67

right skewed/positive graph

Answer 67

peak is on left side, mean is highest value

Question 68

uniform distribution graph

Answer 68

straight line, all value are equal likelihood

Question 69

exponential distribution graph

Answer 69

exponentially decreases

Question 70

continuity correction

Answer 70

used with discrete data, used to make up for difference between discrete and continuous data

Question 71

cause and effect relationship

Answer 71

change in one variable (independent) directly causes change in other variable (dependent)

Question 72

common cause relationship

Answer 72

external variable causes 2 variables to change the same way

Question 73

accidental relationship

Answer 73

based on purely coincidence

Question 74

reverse cause and effect

Answer 74

relationship where independent variable and dependent variable are reversed

Question 75

presumed relationships

Answer 75

relationship that makes sense but does not show a clear connection