Final exam review

Question 1

Describe the genetic theory of aging?

Answer 1

genes dictate aging from birth to death

Question 2

Changes to the endocrine system in adolescence?

Answer 2

Increases androgen production causing increased fat

Question 3

Do we lose neurons as we age?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

Describe manipulative motor skills?

Answer 4

moving an objects

Question 5

Describe nonlocomotor movement?

Answer 5

moving a part of the body through space not the whole body

Question 6

describe locomotor movement?

Answer 6

moving whole body through space

Question 7

in what direction does nervous system development occur?

Answer 7

caudocephalad direction (head –> feet)

Question 8

What does early maturation elicit?

Answer 8

greater BMI

Question 9

How much muscle do we lose in adulthood?

Answer 9

10% loss

Question 10

Describe evolutionary-based aging?

Answer 10

Programmed cell death

Question 11

Describe systemic-based aging?

Answer 11

Interaction of the organ and the system level

Question 12

What affect somatotype?

Answer 12

aging and maturation

Question 13

Can u control adipose tissue changes in adulthood?

Answer 13

fat will increase with aging but can be controlled by diet and exercise

Question 14

Describe growth?

Answer 14

Increase in the size of the body as a whole or a part

Question 15

What would the body size of an early maturer be compared to a late maturer?

Answer 15

late maturing will have smaller body size

Question 16

during what period do neurons differentiate and migrate to their final destination?

Answer 16

prenatal period

Question 17

Does physical activity affect stature?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What is considered an early skeletal age?

Answer 18

less than one year of chronological age

Question 19

Describe the general imbalance theory?

Answer 19

Immune cells programmed to die causing systemic dysfunction

Question 20

When is sexual maturation on time?

Answer 20

Tanner stafe is at 9-11 and 11-for males

Question 21

what is only trainable after the age of 10?

Answer 21

aerobic

Question 22

Describe somatotype of an early maturer?

Answer 22

endomorph

Question 23

When does muscle growth involve hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 23

prenatal

Question 24

Describe change in visceral fat in childhood?

Answer 24

decreases in males and females until 7

Question 25

does visceral or subcutaneous fat increase at a faster rate during childhood?

Answer 25

visceral will increase at a faster rate

Question 26

In early adulthood fat free mass? | fat mass?

Answer 26

fat free mass decreases, fat mass increases

Question 27

list ways that PA affects fat?

Answer 27

Decreaess subcutaneous fat, decreases cell size, increases fat metabolism

Question 28

List the cell processes that cause growth

Answer 28

accretion, hyperplasia, hypertrophy

Question 29

what factors affect peak oxygen consumption?

Answer 29

body size and maturitation status

Question 30

What factors influence flexibility?

Answer 30

muscle extensibility, connective tissue integrity, proprioceptor activity

Question 31

what encourages bone health maintenance?

Answer 31

gravitational loading, hormones, muscle contraction forces

Question 32

What happens if adults do not strength train?

Answer 32

Males will expereince better maintenance females will not, strength will be lost faster than muscle mass, isometric strength is better maintained than dynamic

Question 33

What happens to marker and regulatory enzyme concentrations with age?

Answer 33

activity and concentration decreases

Question 34

What type of bone is stimulated by gravitational loading?

Answer 34

osteocyte

Question 35

what cell makes up most of bone tissue?

Answer 35

osteocyte

Question 36

what happens to ventilation as we age?

Answer 36

becomes more reliant on respiratory muscles

Question 37

what happens to peak oxygen uptake from 4 until adolescence?

Answer 37

increases

Question 38

What happens to capillary fiber ratio as we age?

Answer 38

ratio decreases

Question 39

What growth factor influences aerobic performance?

Answer 39

increase in heart size

Question 40

what type of bone forms inner spongy matrix?

Answer 40

trabecular

Question 41

exercise prescription for bone health?

Answer 41

weight bearing 3-5/week, resistance training 2-3/week

Question 42

what type of ossification relies on chondrocytes?

Answer 42

endochondral

Question 43

without intervention how much muscle loss is seen by late adulthood?

Answer 43

50%

Question 44

What happens to blood flow as we age in relation to exercise?

Answer 44

we have a reduced ability to dilate

Question 45

What type of bone forms the outer layer of compact bone?

Answer 45

cortical bone

Question 46

What happens to heart valves as we age?

Answer 46

become more fibrotic

Question 47

Does loss of elasticity cause slowed cardiac relaxation?

Answer 47

NO

Question 48

what happens to flexibility in adolescence?

Answer 48

decreases or is maintained

Question 49

What change occurs in the islets of langerhans?

Answer 49

decrease insulin secretion

Question 50

When does depth perception develop?

Answer 50

5-8 months

Question 51

when standing on an unstable surface what sensory system do we rely on the most?

Answer 51

vestibular

Question 52

what fo the islets of langerhans do?

Answer 52

produce insulin and glucagon

Question 53

are the olfactory and gustatory receptors the same

Answer 53

NO

Question 54

Describe somatosensory role in maintaining balance?

Answer 54

proprioceptiors pick up pressure and tension stimuli and then send it to CNS

Question 55

When is maximal visual acuity achieved?

Answer 55

childhood

Question 56

What is sensory presbycusis?

Answer 56

hearing loss due to an interruption of the conversion of sound waves

Question 57

At what age does estrogen concentration peak?

Answer 57

35

Question 58

what happens to the repair and regeneration of nerve cells as we age?

Answer 58

degradation outpaces repair, repair does not slow

Question 59

when does high-frequency sound diminish?

Answer 59

early adulthood

Question 60

what happens to blood glucose regulation as we age?

Answer 60

spikes in blood glucose last longer

Question 61

what happens to the thermoregulatory set point as we age?

Answer 61

no significant change

Question 62

What happens to thyroid gland with age?

Answer 62

becomes nodular

Question 63

what period of time marks the end of estrogen and progesterone production?

Answer 63

menopause

Question 64

How does the vestibular system contribute to balance?

Answer 64

ocular-motor responses allow the eyes to remain focused while the head is moving

Question 65

List consequences of endocrine dysfunction?

Answer 65

bone mass loss, immune system dysregulation, deranged insulin signaling, skeletal muscle mass loss, increase adipose tissue deposition

Question 66

List factors the compensate for neuron loss?

Answer 66

production of nerve cells after stroke/injury, formation of new synaptic connections, redundancy

Question 67

List examples of cognitive declines?

Answer 67

short term memory loss, word memory/vocabulary loss

Question 68

List benefits of exercise on nervous system

Answer 68

Promotes vascularization, preserves neuronal tissue, lowers risk of cognitive decline

Question 69

List the effects aging has on blood vessels?

Answer 69

vessels calcify, become less sensitive to baroreceptor regulation, decrease in vessel wall elastin

Question 70

what happens to growth hormone production in adulthood?

Answer 70

decreases

Question 71

which hormones increase with age?

Answer 71

FSH, LH, norepinephrine

Question 72

what are some age related changes to the olfactory sensory organs?

Answer 72

decreased fibers in the olfactory bulb, decreased olfactory receptor cells, decreased mucus production