Final Exam Review Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Pain
A
an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissues damage, or described in terms of such damage
2
Q
Severe & prolonged pain can impair:
A
General functioning
Ability to work
Social relationships
Emotional adjustment
3
Q
Social & Economic effects
A
Headache, back and joint pain are common causes of work absence and disability in North America, costs $$$$ in loot productivity, treatment and disability payments
4
Q
Organic Pain
A
Clearly linked to tissue pressure or damage
5
Q
Psychogenic Pain
A
Pain with no tissue damage, could result from psychological processes
6
Q
Neuropathic Pain
A
results from current or past disease or damage in peripheral nerves
7
Q
Pain as a continuum
A
Both physiological and psychosocial factors play a role in pain - involves organic and psychogenic causes
8
Q
Acute Pain
A
temporary painful conditions that last less than 3 months - higher than normal levels of anxiety while the pain exists but distress subsides as pain decreases
9
Q
Chronic-recurrent pain
A
From benign causes & involves repeated and intense episode of pain separated by periods w/o pain
10
Q
Chronic-intractable-benign pain
A
Typically present all the time, varying levels of intensity, not related to underlying condition
11
Q
Chronic-progressive pain
A
Continuous discomfort associated with malignant condition, becomes more intense as condition worsens
12
Q
Nociception
A
Process by which info about actual tissue damage or potential for damage is relayed to brain
Neural encoding - pain is subjective experience (not the same)
13
Q
Referred Pain
A
Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus/origin - result of a network interconnection sensory nerves
14
Q
Phantom limb pain
A
Although the limb is gone, the nerve endings at the site of the amputation continue to send pain signals to the brain that make the brain think the limb is still there
15
Q
The role of pain
A
alert the body to potential damage; through nocicpetion, the neural processing of harmful stimuli
16
Q
Gate-control theory of pain
A
Conditions that open the gate:
- Physical cognitions (extent of injury)
- Emotional conditions (anxiety, depression)
- Mental conditions (focusing on pain, boredom)
Conditions that close the gate:
- Physical (medication)
- Emotional (positive, rest)
- Mental (distraction, concentration)
17
Q
Rene Descartes - Pain
A
The intensity of the message is directly proportionate to the severity of the injury - inaccurate
18
Q
Perceiving Pain
A
Body sense pain in response to noxious stimuli - physical pressure, lacerations, heat or cold
Includes emotional component
Interplay of physiological and psychological processes
19
Q
Meaning of Pain
A
Some believe individuals come to like pain through classical conditioning - by participating or viewing activities that associate pain with pleasure
Most people are conditioned to fear pain
20
Q
Neurochemical transmission & inhibition of pain
A
Stimulation-produced analgesia
Endogenous opioids
21
Q
Personal & Social Experiences - Pain
A
Learning & pain
Pain Behaviours
22
Q
Pain Behaviours
A
- Facial or audible distress
- Distorted ambulation or posture
- negative affect
- Avoidance
23
Q
Social Experiences & Pain
A
- Social communication model of pain
- Communal coping model of pain catastrophizing
- Gender & socio-cultural factors
24
Q
Emotions, coping and pain
A
- Emotions and pain
- Stress and pain
- Coping with pain
25
Canada Health Act
Canadian act, provinces determine own policies, extended health care
26
Perceiving & Interpreting Symptoms
Perception of symptoms vary across people & differentiations within the same person across the time
- Individual differences
- Competing environmental stimuli
- Psychosocial influences (pshycogenic illness)
- Gender & sociocultural differences
27
Individual Differences
-Having more symptoms
-Differing in experience of same symptom: almost all people have a uniform threshold for pain but differentiations in their tolerance fo pain (some notices changes more quickly)
Internally focused people tend to overestimate changed and perceive recovery as slower
28
Completing Environmental Stimuli
Environments that contain a lot of sensory info or which are exciting are negatively related to symptom reporting
Boredom increases symptoms reporting
29
Psychosocial Influences
Expectations influence symptom perception
Interaction of cognitive, social and emotional factors
Mass psychogenic illness: may involves a range of neurological symptoms, from movement disorder to blindness but no physical explanations
30
Gender Differences in Pain
Women report lower discomfort at lower stimulus intensities and request termination of painful stimuli sooner than men
31
Cultural Differences in Pain
Different cultures reinforce symptom experiences and symptom reporting behaviour
Asians report more physical symptoms w psychological bases
America pain patients report more impairment
African American heart arrack patent symptoms are less typical and delay getting treatment longer
32
Interpreting Symptoms
Prior experience with an illness may increase or decrease accuracy or interpretation
33
Common Sense Models
Cognitive representations of illness developed through direct experience or from available info about illness
34
Lay referral network
before many people seek medical attention they seek advice from friends, relatives or coworkers
35
Why people use/don't use health services
Social & emotional factors
- emotional states: embarrassment, anxiety
- seeking help seen as sign of weakness
36
Doctor-Centered Interaction
- Questions requiring brief answers
- Focus on initial problem while ignoring other issues
- Focused on link between problem & organic cause
37
Patient-Centered Interaction
- Open ended questions
- Opportunities for client to introduce new facts
- Avoid medical jargon
- Patient participation
38
Compliance
giving in to a request or demand
39
Adherence
suggest a collaborative nature of treatment
40
Communicating with patients
Adherence depends on good communication on the behalf of the practitioner
Patients of patient-centered physicians are more likely to adhere to advice
41
Depersonalization
- Stress
- Hectic schedules
- To deal w emotions
Psychosocial & physical exhaustion that results from chronic exposure to high levels of stress w little personal control
42
Psychosocial Components of Burnout
Emotional exhaustion (commonly reported)
Depersonalization
Perceived inadequacy of professional accomplishment
More time spent in direct care of patients --> greater risk of EE
43
Reducing Burnout
Provide opportunities to mix direct care w other tasks
Establish support groups
Training in stress management & coping methods
44
Adjustment to Injury/Illness
Physical
Psychosocial
Activities of Daily Living
Overall Quality of life
45
Adjustment to Hospitalization
Emotional adjustment
Taking on the patient role
Cognitive coping
- blaming others lead to poorer adjustment
46
3 themes to cognitive adjustment
1. finding meaning in illness
2. gaining a sense of control over illness
3. restring self-esteem, sometimes by comparing themselves with less fortunate people
social support can impact adjustment
47
Early concern following diagnosis
Mortality is the main issue
patients show optimism but tentative future plans
Coping often switches from avoidance to problem focused approached
48
Developing Regular Activities
Activities provide respite from thinking about conditions
patients may over-estimate abilities & become discouraged
49
Family/supporter dynamics
a cycle of dependence can emerge due to patient helplessness & family nurturance
50
Adapting in Recurrence or relapse
Perceived as bad sign
| patients tend to use similar coping strategies but may be less hopeful
51
Grief & Bereavement
Bereavement is the start elf having lost someone through death
Grief is the characteristic feeling
Morning is the expression of those
52
5 Stages of Grief *
Denial (Not to me, this isn't real)
Anger (why me, its not fair)
Bargaining (just let me live to see ...)
Depression (what's the point)
Acceptance (its going to be ok)
53
Adapting to bereavement
Everyone adjusts at their own rate
Spousal grief is similar before & after death, greater for middle age, men adjust poorer than women, younger men worse than older
Sudden deaths - difficult to adjust
54
Patterns of Grief
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Resilient
Recovered
Chronic
Delayed
-Little neg. emotion is not an indication of maladjustment (as long as it is not avoidance)
```
55
Adjusting when a child die
death of child may result in years of grieving
| surviving siblings need special attention, not uncommon for them to show little grief
56
Individual therapy & support
group discussion & role playing
| Systematic desensitization
57
Long-term adjustment
build new lives w social support
serving spouses receive attention, eventually this changes & they return to life
Some never adjust but enriching lives can be built
58
Cancer
Disease of the cells characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation that usually forms a malignant neoplasm
59
Carcinomas
Develop in epithelial tissues around internal organs (breast, lung)
60
Sarcomas
soft tissue or bone tutors (muscles, nerves, bones, connective tissue)
61
Lymphomas
Lymph gland (HD & NHL)
62
Leukemias
White blood cells- named after specific type of cell affected (myeloid or lymphoid ) and acuity (acute or chronic)
63
Canadian Stats
43% of Canadians will be diagnosed w cancer in their lifetime
4 most frequently diagnosed cancers (lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancers) are expected to account for 46% of all cancers diagnosed in 2021
Incidence: Types of Cancer
Prostate, breast, lung and colorectal – together are expected to account for more than half (52%) of all cancers diagnosed in Canada
64
Risk Factors
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Smoking
Eating habits
Weight/obesity
Physical inactivity
Ultraviolet radiation
Carcinogens
Infections
```
65
Cancer Care Continuum
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Pre diagnosis screening
Diagnosis
Treatment
Post-Treatment
Recurrence
Palliation
Grief
```
66
Oncology
Study of the human side of cancer experience
Psychosocial oncology addresses the psychological, social and behavioural dimensions
- psychological responses of patients & families
- Social & behavioural issues
67
Psychosocial impact of cancer
remission, site of cancer, close relationships
68
Psychosocial interventions for cancer
Coping interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction
69
Program based on concept of “Mindfulness”:
Developing awareness of all that is happening in the present moment, without judgment or evaluation
70
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
MBSR decreases stress symptoms
MBSR decreases evening cortisol levels
Associated with mean daily cortisol decreases over one year
May affect cytokine regulation
Decreases systolic blood pressure in those with higher initial levels
71
Exercise: Survival Benefits
Breast, colon and prostate cancer studied to date
Significantly reduced risk of cancer recurrence
Significantly reduced risk of cancer-mortality
Significantly reduced risk of all- cause mortality
72
Psychological Benefits: Exercise Intervention
Improved: Body image, self-esteem, coping skills and quality of life, social support... extends to family
Reduced: Perceived stress, anxiety and depression
73
Thrive Center
Free exercise facility for cancer survivors and support
Volunteer operated
60-80 volunteers
>350 participants
Fitness testing and prescription certified exercise
74
BEAUTY Program
12 Week exercise intervention + 12 week maintenance.
Breast cancer survivors on treatment.
Funded externally, free for participants
75
ENHANCE
Randomized controlled trial
Head/neck cancer survivors
12-week exercise intervention
76
PEER Program
Community based program
Children’s activities
Kids Cancer Care Network
ACTIVE Recovery
77
Psychosocial interventions
Psychosocial interventions effective for improving distress, anxiety, depression, coping, symptom control, quality of life
Mixed evidence for the effect of psychosocial interventions on survival (very controversial!)
78
Goals for Health Psychology
Enhancing illness prevention and treatment
- Advances in research and technology
Improving efforts for helping patients cope Identifying evidence-based interventions and cost-benefit ratios
Expanding psychologists’ roles in medical settings
Empowerment of health
79
Issues and Controversies
Environment, health, and psychology
- The growing role of climate change in human health
Quality of life
Ethical issues in healthcare
- Technology and medical decisions
- Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia
Expanding definitions of health
80
Future Focuses in Health Psychology
Lifespan health and illness
- From conception to adolescence
- Adulthood and old age
- Caregiving
Sociocultural factors in health
Gender differences and women’s health issues
Mental Health
81
Novel drug therapies for treatment-resistant depression
⅓ of those suffering from depression do not respond to two or more antidepressants and are considered treatment resistant
82
Telehealth and community-based mental healthcare during COVID-19
Digital care options through teletherapy and all manner of new apps
Online services reach the most remote regions and circumvent fears of stigma for making the decision to seek treatment.
83
Data from social media to spot trends and prevent self- harm
Four billion people use social media, generating huge stores of data from their devices- studies show that language patterns and images in posts can reveal and predict mental health conditions for individuals and evaluate mental health trends across entire populations
84
Psychedelics to assist the treatment of psychiatric disorders
the use of psychedelics, especially psilocybin and MDMA, is undergoing a renaissance
studies have reignited the hope that psychedelics could be powerful medicines for mental disorders- disorders like MDD and PTSD
85
Digital devices to revolutionize how research is done
Smart phones and wearables to create more representative data pools of our global population than studies done with WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) research participants
86
Digital tools to train providers and fill gaps in mental healthcare
⅘ people with mental disorders in low and middle income countries do not receive any form of mental health care
87
Predictive analytics to guide mental health policy
Over the past 12 months, a series of models of the social and economic impacts of COVID-19 on mental health have been developed that simulated trajectories of psychological distress, mental health service waiting times, mental health-related hospital presentations, and suicide over the next 5 years
88
Digital marketplaces to ensure quality mental health solutions
Several organizations, such as OneMind, Health Navigator and the World Economic Forum, have begun developing assessment criteria for digital mental-health tools.
89
Factors Affecting Health Psychology’s Future
Financial support for psychological services
Education and training in health psychology
Developments in medicine
