final exam review

Question 1

What was lacking in Walter Benjamin’s eyes through the use of mechanical reproduction was ____ that in which it could not be recreated through mechanical reproduction.

Answer 1

aura

Question 2

Without the presence of its _____ the work loses that value that viewers feel when viewing the artwork.

Answer 2

time and space

Question 3

What does photography do to the entire idea of art as its presence in time and space?

Answer 3

the art piece gets pulled away in favor of its ability to reproduce and be shown to the masses.

Question 4

We shape our tools and our tools shape us.

Answer 4

mechanical bride

Question 5

Electronics shrinks the world and gives us rapid access to information.

Answer 5

global village

Question 6

Benefit of global village

Answer 6

We can compress time due to instantaneous connection across the globe.

Question 7

• Speech is the primary mode of communication.
• The auditory medium dominates (speech and listening)
• There was no writing

Answer 7

Tribal era (Primary Orality)

Question 8

• Corresponds with the invention of writing
• Restructuring of tribal lives
• Birth of categorical thought
• The visual medium takes dominance over speech and listening

Answer 8

Literacy Era (logical, linear thinking)

Question 9

• Industrial revolution
• Mass production
• Visual medium is still dominant, and has become even deeper.

Answer 9

Print era (mechanization/mass industrialization)

Question 10

• Retribalization: Media made it possible to have instantaneous connection to everyone around the world.
• Global village

Answer 10

Electronic era (electronic/digital media)

Question 11

The study of human media interactions from the natural environment.

Answer 11

Media Ecology

Question 12

The study of human media interactions from the natural environment.

Answer 12

Media Ecology

Question 13

Humans have to adjust to unexpected ecological changes
Television was one of the biggest danger according to
The medium of television changes the family dynamic
Not the content, rather the form
The temperature of media affects the way we perceive things
Hot media: affects one sense to a very high degree. (ex. Radio, photos, print)
Cool media: affects multiple senses simultaneously, but at a much lower intensity. (ex. Abstract oil painting)

Answer 13

The Medium Is the Message

Question 14

Has created a global village that allows us to view art from all around the world.
Digital media has democratized mechanical reproduction. Made the viewing process easier.
We have become dependent on our devices to the point we become numb.

Answer 14

Media’s Connection To Art

Question 15

Responsible for post modernism to the public eye
Responsible for post modernism to the public eye

Answer 15

Jean Baudrillard

Question 16

is deconstructionist social theory which is breakdown of grand narratives

Answer 16

Postmodernism

Question 17

Grand narrative examples:

Answer 17

2 genders, marriage, there is a self

Question 18

An object that we have attached a meaning to culturally. (ex. stop sign)

Answer 18

Sign

Question 19

The shape of the sign

Answer 19

Signifier

Question 20

meaning or idea attached to it

Answer 20

Signified

Question 21

There is a self/the individual is sacred in structuralism

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The mind is a realm of meaning

Answer 22

Structuralism

Question 23

Inherent universal meanings that precede a text
Ie: “truth”
= Post-Structuralism
True or false

Answer 23

False

Question 24

The self is a cultural construct = Post-Structuralism

Answer 24

True

Question 25

1. The mind is a realm of meaning 2. The mind is created from interactions between symbolic beings Post-Structuralism

Answer 25

2

Question 26

Truth is subjective; languages create ‘reality’ = Structuralism

Answer 26

False

Question 27

1. Meaning is determined by social discourse and changes throughout history. 2. Inherent universal meanings that precede a text Ie: “truth” which is post-structuralism

Answer 27

1

Question 28

Believed that our society and cultural is built on a system of interconnected empty signs that are endlessly reproduced and commodified

Answer 28

Jean Baudrillard

Question 29

Disneyland is presented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real

Answer 29

Jean Baudrillard

Question 30

Bodhi tree allowed him to discover the middle path and reach enlightenment

Answer 30

Buddhism

Question 31

life is suffering because of the impermanence of all things material

Answer 31

Duhkha

Question 32

the cause of suffering is desire and because we desire permanence

Answer 32

Samudaya

Question 33

the end of all suffering is the cessation of desire

Answer 33

Nirodha

Question 34

there is an 8-fold path that leads to the cessation of desire.

Answer 34

Marga

Question 35

duhkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Marga

Answer 35

The Four Noble Truths

Question 36

Didn't portray Buddha himself, instead moments throughout his life.

Answer 36

Early buddhist structures

Question 37

avoiding depiction of religious figures

Answer 37

Aniconism

Question 38

Not heavily influenced by ancient greeks Generally accepted version Less western influence, more indian background Walking middle path Halo like mandora, Elongated earlobes Pronounced cranial protuberance Urna tuft or dot between the eyes (third eye)

Answer 38

Mathuran Buddha

Question 39

Chinese folklore deity The laughing buddha This is not Siddhartha Gautama

Answer 39

Budai

Question 40

Lends itself somewhat to western art criticism because the artists will sign their work, unlike the buddhist art pieces. Enzo is a circle in 1 or 2 brush strokes to represent enlightenment, the universe, perfection. When the circle is open, it represents imperfection.

Answer 40

Japanese Zen Painting

Question 41

The lost unity between religion and the arts cannot be regained at will.

Answer 41

Adorno

Question 42

Unity between art and religion only occurs in societies that are:

Answer 42

1. Non-individualistic 2. Hierarchical 3. Closed

Question 43

The idea of religion and the arts as being unified has always been problematic It demonstrates desire for an idealized past that never actually existed. Religion and the arts have always been in tension with one another. This supposed unity was largely forced upon art

Answer 43

Adorno

Question 44

It is futile to attempt to add spiritual meaning to art by reintroducing traditional religious forms void of their religious content.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

To say that art should do anything is to place limits that will:

Answer 45

render the work empty

Question 46

Market is very saturated with sameness. Religious organizations have higher stakes because they are dealing with people’s souls

Answer 46

Death of the Artist

Question 47

The renaissance era The mid 18th century The post war era of prosperity late 1940’s The present era

Answer 47

4 significant paradigms of artist

Question 48

Oil paintings Serving a cultural elite Artist follow a traditional artist trajectory Artist at this time knew their place in society

Answer 48

The renaissance era

Question 49

Capital AR Art that commands large price tags Emergence of capitalist market Artists become independent

Answer 49

The mid 18th century

Question 50

Had faciast and socialist ideals. Was based on karl marx. Base and the superstructure relationship took long to stabilize Mechanical reproduction is a completely different form of reproduction Benjamin said although it is an effective method of reproduction, it would soon be surpassed by photography Motion photography and static photography were a milestone to how effective and easily reproduced art pieces are. An original work of art was artistic because it was original When art is reproduced, the copies create a separation from the original copy, creating aura.

Answer 50

Benjamin Walter

Question 51

Refers to the image, representation or reproduction of a concrete other in which the very idea of the real is no longer the signified of which the simulacrum is the signified.

Answer 51

Simulacrum

Question 52

the process whereby simulac ra assume their function, belongs to what Baudrillard terms the ‘second order’:there is no anterior ‘real’ only coming into being through the cultural dissemination of images (such as those of advertising)or simulacra.

Answer 52

Simulation

Question 53

the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons

Answer 53

Iconoclasm

Question 54

assert that culture industry eradicates autonomous thinking and criticism, serving to preserve the reigning order. It provides easy entertainment which distracts massed from the wrongs and sickness of the ruling order.

Answer 54

culture industry

Question 55

All products of the culture industry are designed for___

Answer 55

profit

Question 56

every work of art is turned into a consumer product and is shaped by the logic of capitalist rationality

Answer 56

Adorno and Horkheimer

Question 57

Culture industry provides easy entertainment which distracts massed from the wrongs and sickness of the ___

Answer 57

ruling order

Question 58

autonomous art has the capacity to highlight the inequalities and irrationality of the status quo, by presenting an ideal vision of what mankind can aspire towards.

Answer 58

adorno's solution

Question 59

_____, Adorno argued, is only autonomous when it is not subject to specific demands and is not produced for any purpose other than its ‘functionlessness'

Answer 59

art

Question 60

_____ comes from the challenge of decoding complex work and the intellectual stimulation that this provides.

Answer 60

Real happiness

Question 61

open DOOR theory: ANYTHING can be art

Answer 61

Danto

Question 62

Rembrandt was unique in his approach because

Answer 62

he made religious art affordable to everyday people`

Question 63

(True/False) For Christian philosophers beauty was seen as an essential property go God, and was associated with truth and goodness.

Answer 63

true

Question 64

Iconoclasm is seen as ironic because...

Answer 64

the destruction demonstrates the power of the image

Question 65

The____ can be viewed as as a sacred doorway or passage.

Answer 65

minbar

Question 66

____ has adopted a permanent state of aniconism.

Answer 66

islam

Question 67

Why do a lot of famous iconographic pieces of art have unknown artists

Answer 67

to emphasize theological elements and to invite the presence of the divine, rather than draw attention to themselves as artists

Question 68

Why does Islam remain Aniconistic?

Answer 68

Its almost insulting to God to put him in human form; seen as a form of idolatry

Question 69

sort of indentation or niche in the wall (usually semi-circle) that functions to orient people towards Mecca

Answer 69

Myrab

Question 70

really tall lighthouse where they play music 5 times a day to remind people to pray - Tall spire with canonical top functioning as a visual to tell you where to walk to the mosk and serves as the destination of where the call to prayers come from

Answer 70

Minaret

Question 71

stairs with pulpit on top that functions as a place where the Imam can lead prayer

Answer 71

Minbar