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final exam review Flashcards

1
Q

measurement:

A

administer test for purpose of obtaining score and collecting info

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2
Q

evaluation:

A

interpret score, place a value judgement on the measurement, and making decision about results

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3
Q

stages of testing:

A
  1. test selection
  2. preparation
  3. administration
  4. data processing
  5. decision making and feedback
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4
Q

*prescreening doc

A
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5
Q

can a test be valid but not reliable?

A

no
*can be reliable but not valid

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6
Q

how would you say a test is valid (include which components?)

A

this test can be used to make decisions about (underlying construct being measured) in (intended population) for (intended purpose and situation) because (provide evidence of validity)

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7
Q

test selection:

A

what we are testing and why
consider:
are scores repeatable?
are we remaining objective?
are we measuring actual construct?
sensitivity
practicality
participant burden

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8
Q

preparation:

A

obtain consent forms
calibrate equipment
consider sources of measurement error

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9
Q

administration:

A

testing sequence - consider motivation, safety, preparation

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10
Q

data processing:

A

interpreting results requires using an appropriate statistics protocol

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11
Q

decision making and feedback

A

a criterion score (needs to be gold standard for test) indicates a person’s ability - pass/fail

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12
Q

typical testing sequence (8):

A
  1. screening
  2. non fatiguing tests (flexibility, jump, body comp)
  3. agility
  4. max power/ strength
  5. sprint
  6. muscle endurance
  7. anaerobic capacity
  8. aerobic capacity (performed on different day)
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13
Q

4 sources of measurement error:

A
  1. test
  2. test administrators
  3. test subjects
  4. environment
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14
Q

what is validity? what 3 characteristics does it rely on?

A

how well a test measures what it is supposed to
1. reliability
2. relevant (does is accurately measure desired outcome)
3. scores - do they make sense & are interpretable?

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15
Q

objectivity
depends on:

A

consistency b/n 2 judgements of performance - test is objective when eliminate scorer’s bias/ personal opinion
depends on:
- Competency of judges
- Clarity of scoring system
- Degree to which judge can assign scores
accurately

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16
Q

logical validity:

A

content validity - does tested movement mimic real life situation?
determined by experts opinion

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17
Q

construct validity:

A

examines the degree to which a test measures hypothetical, subjective constructs and abstract skills

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18
Q

criterion validity

A

the relationship between scores from a test against the gold standard for criterion measurement

R greater or equal to 0.80 and an R closer to 1 suggests strong validity

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19
Q

types of criterion validity:

A

predictive
concurrent

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20
Q

predictive validity

A

criterion measured in the future (weeks, months, years later) to generate predictions on performance for a given construct

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21
Q

concurrent validity

A

extent of to which agreement between two measures taken at approximately the same time. It compares a new assessment with one that has already been tested and proven to be valid.

(Negative R value suggests inverse relationship between two measurements)

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22
Q

intra-rater reliability

A

measure w same instrument on 2 separate occasion to observe the level of agreement b/n trials

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23
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

measure of consistency - used to evaluate extent to which different judges agree in their assessment decisions

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24
Q

How to reduce measurement error/ reliability be impacted by adjusting:

A
  • Valid and reliable tests
    • Instructions - standardized
    • Test complexity - straightforward?
    • Warm up and test trials
    • Equipment quality and preparation -
      calibrated?
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25
physical activity vs exercise:
Physical activity: any form of bodily movement which results in caloric expenditure Exercise: any activity which is planned, organized, and structured
26
what does TEE =
REE + TEF + AEE
27
direct calorimetry: validity reliability objectivity participant burden PA describe by FITT practicality
high high high high low low
28
doubly-labeled water: validity reliability objectivity participant burden PA describe by FITT practicality
high - considered gold standard for TEE high high low no low - expensive
29
pedometer: validity reliability objectivity participant burden PA describe by FITT practicality
moderate moderate low low moderate high
30
wearable devices: validity reliability objectivity participant burden PA describe by FITT practicality
moderate moderate low/moderate low moderate high
31
questionnaires validity reliability objectivity participant burden PA describe by FITT practicality
low/ moderate high low/moderate low yes high
32
why measure body comp as a part of a test battery?
- classify disease risk - sport performance - weight management
33
fat free mass:
all tissue that do not contain fat: organs, bones, tendons, muscle, blood, water
34
essential fat:
fat required to maintain normal physiological functions
35
storage fat
fat stored within adipose tissue beneath skin
36
1 compartment model
scale
37
2 compartment model
fat and fat free mass *underestimates %bf for sinkers (>1.10) and overestimates for floaters (<1.10)
38
3 compartment model
fat mass, body water, protein&minerals
39
4 compartment model
fat mass, body water, protein, minerals
40
how can we directly measure body comp?
cadaver analysis
41
how can we indirectly measure body comp?
hydrostatic weighing bodpod dexa
42
who is hydrostatic weighing appropriate for?
- not for those who cant swim or hold head underwater - test takes a few hours
43
who is bodpod appropriate for?
not if you're - clausterphobic - overweight - super hairy pregos can yay! limited time - takes 20min total
44
who is dexa appropriate for?
not doing: - with pregos - if you can't fit on the bed, do w everyone else - quicker and more convenient, high validity (emerging gold standard)
45
what are doubly indirect methods of measuring body comp?
(comparing results of test to other validated indirect test) BIA BMI skin folds
46
con of each doubly indirect method
BIA - only reliable if extensive protocols followed BMI - validated for only specific populations, add WC to be useful skin folds - hugely dependent on technician
47
aerobic fitness:
ability of heart, lungs, and circulatory system to deliver oxygen to working muscles and the ability of muscles to utilize available oxygen to perform exercise
48
what is VO2 max?
max rate o2 can be taken into body, transported and utilized to perform work, measure of aerobic POWER
49
what is VO2 peak?
highest recorded vo2 during GXT regardless of VO2 plateau or RER >1.15
50
VO2 peak criteria:
- Failure HR to increase with load and w/n 15bpm of Hrmax - Venous lactate conc. > or = to 8mmol - Volitional Fatigue - RER > or = 1.15
51
VO2 max criteria:
- Failure HR to increase with load and w/n 15bpm of Hrmax - Venous lactate conc. > or = to 8mmol - Volitional Fatigue - RER > or = 1.15 AND reach plateau despite increase in workload
52
what indicates that VO2 plateau has been reached?
changes in VO2< 2mL/kg/min
53
whos more likely to reach vo2max vs peak?
max: highly trained peak: deconditioned, special populations
54
direct VO2 max test: best suited for?
unlimited time/ budget, trained staff
55
who is Bruce best suited for?
go to volitional max *****
56
who is shuttle run/ beep test best suited for?
large groups/ teams - there is big learning curve
57
what are the submax indirect aerobic tests:
astrand queens college coopoers 1.5 mile
58
what do indirect tests measure?
measure a construct known to be predictive to actual construct of interest
59
what are the 3 assumptions made w/ indirect tests regarding HR, PO and VO2?
linear relationship exists b/n the 3: VO2 increases with power output until plateau is reached HR increases with power output HR increases with VO2 until plateau is reached
60
what are 2 other indirect test big assumptions and realities?
Max HR for a given age is uniform --> HR can vary up to ±20𝑏𝑝𝑚 Mechanical efficiency (VO2 at a given work rate) is the same for everyone --> A runner with poor running economy would exhibit higher VO2/HR at any given running speed than an economical runner submax: steady state HR obtained for each work rate
61
how do indirect maximal tests usually estimate VO2 max?
estimate by performance time
62
how to calculate when anaerobic threshold is met:
(VO2 where R is at or above 1)/ (VO2 max or peak)
63
csep indirect submaximal tests:
cycle erg mcaft one mile walk single stage treadmill test
64
cycle erg warm up and # of stages
3 min warm up, load 25W or 0.5kp 3 min stages throughout if SSHR reached - add extra minute if not
65
cycle erg protocol
explain and fit bike everyone starts at 50 rpm measure HR at end of each minute HR in last min of first workload determines column you remain in for whole test - increase resistance accordingly
66
cycle erg end criteria
2 workloads where SSHR b/n 110bpm and 85%HRmax
67
pros vs cons of cycle erg test
pros: easy low burden good for seniors/ injuries/ balance issues easy to compare, norms available cons: pricey one person at a time not good for inexperienced on bike or very experienced 50rpm is slow
68
mcaft warm up and # of stages
start stage based on age and sex, max 8 stages
69
mcaft protocol
3 minute stages w standardized rhythm ensure client is standing fully straight, entire foot on step
70
mcaft end criteria
cannot maintain cadence or 85%HRmax
71
mcaft pros vs cons
pros: easy to follow dont need to be well trained mass testing IF population homogenous relatively inexpensive cons: steps can max out of test and underpredict VO@
72
one mile walk warm up and protocol
light pace for 3 min walk
73
one mile walk end criteria
nothing aside from signs of distress
74
one mile walk pros vs cons
pros: easy limited equipment if you can walk you can do it cons: hard on injuries/ poor balance difficult to control environment lack of standardized surface
75
single stage treadmill test warm up and stages
4 min warm up - HR 50-70%HRmax one stage for workload
76
ss treadmill protocol and end criteria
after warm up go to 5% grade at same speed reach SSHR - if havent add a 5th minute get HR at end
77
SS treadmill pros vs cons
pros: quick good for multiple populations easy to administer cons: not if balance issues treadmill can malfunction
78
astrand test pros vs cons
valid for seniors can do if have injuries only one person at a time
79
queens college pros vs cons
cant maintain cadence/ balance issues/ knee or ankle pain can be fast need stairs
80
coopers 1.5 mile pros vs cons
not good for older adults/ deconditioned good for elite need correct surface
81
what is MSK fitness an integration between? (5)
muscular strength muscular endurance muscular power flexibility balance
82
muscular strength
ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to exert maximal external force (single contraction or very short period) ex: 1RM
83
muscular endurance
ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time ex: back extension
84
muscular power
peak capability of a muscle to generate force - highest power attainable in a single movement (integration of muscle strength and velocity) ex: vertical jump - few seconds
85
flexibility
range of motion of a joint ex: sit and reach
86
balance
ability to keep the body's center of gravity within the base of support ex: Y balance
87
absolute strength method:
no adjustment for body mass differences (more you way more you lift - rule 99% of the time)
88
Relative method of adjustment/ expression of relative strength
flip absolute - weight lifted/body mass - invert effect, lighter individuals score better
89
allometric scaling
remove effect of body mass use equation w/ exponent
90
static strength tests:
handgrip - predictor of future all cause mortality, across demographics and SE classes isometric mid thigh pull - correlated to VJ, sprint speed, reliable
91
1RM test protocols warm up: attempts: which score is used?
warm up 1 set of 5-10 reps at 40-60% estimated 1RM 1-2 sets 3-5 reps at 60-80% estimated 1RM attempts 3-5min rest b/n each lift repeat until client fails to complete lift achieve 1RM w/n 3-5 trials weight lifted in last successful repetition
92
what groups would you do 1RM test with?
Do w athletes, gen pop = gray area (limited training experience = p 1RM instead)
93
p1RM test protocols warm up: attempts: what is clients does >10 or <6 reps?
warm up aerobic followed by 40-60% of estimated 1RM for 5-10reps attempts 1 set of 10 reps at 60-80% of estimated 1RM >10 reps = allow 2-3 min rest, repeat w increased load <6 reps = rest, repeat w/ decreased load
94
why use p1RM instead of 1RM?
deconditioned, less familiar w movement patterns, time
95
how to determine % 1RM from # reps completed
divide weight lifted by %1RM
96
examples of static and dynamic muscular endurance testing:
static = maintain position for as long as possible ex: flexed arm hang dynamic = AMRAP against submaximal load until volitional fatigue ex: YMCA bench press
97
anaerobic power
max rate of ATP utilization using anaerobic metabolism per unit of time - force produced when muscles contract at a high speed done in ~ 30 seconds ex: wingate, cunningham, stair climb test
98
why is it not recommended to use YMCA bench press test with super strong or weak individuals?
AMRAP weak = not measure of true muscle endurance (becomes max strength) strong = max out test, not accurate measure
99
similarities and differences b/n muscular power and anaerobic power:
anaerobic power: anaerobic glycolysis, 30-40 seconds - max rate of ATP utilization using glycolysis muscular power: PCr, 1-10seconds - peak capability of muscle to generate force
100
cunningham

ephe 444 (5 decks)

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