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General Psychology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Perspective

A

An approach that uses knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

An approach suggesting that behavior is primarily learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation

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3
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

An approach examining mental processes that direct behavior

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4
Q

Humanitistic Psychology

A

An approach suggesting that human nature is by and large positive, and human direction is toward growth

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5
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

An approach developed by Frued suggesting that behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement that can be used to test a prediction

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7
Q

Independent Variable

A

In the experimental method, the variable manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In the experimental method, the characteristic or response that is measured to determine the effect of the researcher’s manipulation

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9
Q

Experimental Group

A

The participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable or manipulation by the researcher

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10
Q

Control Group

A

The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable

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11
Q

Case Study

A

A type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

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13
Q

Survey Method

A

A type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data

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14
Q

Experimental Method

A

A type of research that manipulates a variable of interest to uncover cause-and-effect relationships

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15
Q

Correlational Method

A

A type of research examining relationships among variables

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16
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

The statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

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17
Q

Random Assignment

A

The process of appointing study participants to experimental or control groups, ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either

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18
Q

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT)

A

a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the brain

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19
Q

PET Scan

A

an imaging test that produces images of your brain at work; uses a tracer to look for disease or injury

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20
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computergenerated images of brain tissue

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21
Q

Axon

A

Skinny tube-like structure of a neuron that extends from the cell body, and that sends messages to other neurons through it’s axon terminals

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Tiny, branchlike fibers extending from the cell body that recieve messages from other neurons and send information in the direction of the cell body

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23
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus of the cell

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

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25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle movement, memory, arousal, and attention

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26
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter responsible for coordination of muscle movement, attention, and please

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27
Q

GABA

A

Neurotransmitter that inhibits communication between neurons

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28
Q

Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitter that promotes communication between neurons

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29
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter that effects mood, appetite, aggression, and sleep

30
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter that helps prepare the body for stressful situations

31
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes and relays sensory information to the cortex

32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Keeps the body’s systems in a steady state

33
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes aggression and basic emotions like fear, and the memories associated with them

34
Q

Hippocampus

A

Primarily responsible for processing and forming new memories from experiences

35
Q

Pons

A

Helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and coordinates movement between the right and left sides of the body

36
Q

Medulla

A

Oversees functions such as breathing and heart rate

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

Involved in muscle coordination and balance

38
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

responsible for language comprehension

39
Q

Broca’s Area

A

responsible for language production

40
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response

41
Q

Extinction (Classical)

A

The process in which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

42
Q

Extinction (Operant)

A

The disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcer

43
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences

44
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The abilitiy to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it

45
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

46
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that does not satisfy a biological need but often gains power through its association with a primary reinforcer

47
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

48
Q

Procedural Memory

A

The unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities

49
Q

Episodic Memory

A

The record of memorable experiences or “episodes” including when and where they occurred

50
Q

Sensory Memory

A

A stage of memory that captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time

51
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

A stage of memory that temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information

52
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

A stage of memory with essentially unlimited capacity and the ability to store information indefinitely

53
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages (in orfer)

A

Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Confusion, Initmacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair

54
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

55
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Pre-Conventional (Avoiding Punishment, Self-Interest), Conventional (Social Acceptance, Law and Order), Post-Conventional (Social Contract, Principle)

56
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

A group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears

57
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal motor behavior

58
Q

Typicality

A

Degree to which behavior is atypical, meaning rarely seen or statistically abnormal

59
Q

Dysfunction

A

Degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships

60
Q

Distress

A

Degree to which behavior or emotions cause an individual to feel upset or uncomfortable

61
Q

Deviance

A

Degree to which behavior is considered outside the standards or rules of society

62
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

A type of therapy that focuses on behavioral change

63
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

A type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings

64
Q

Humanistic Therapy

A

A type of insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humankind

65
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

A type of insight therapy that incorporates core psychoanalytic themes, including the idea that personality and behaviors can be traced to unconscious conflicts and past experiences

66
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization

67
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Suggests that personality results from relationships and other environmental factors and patterns of thinking

68
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Tests designed to assess accquired knowledge, such as the SAT or ACT

69
Q

Aptitude Tests

A

Tests designed to assess a person’s potential for future learning, such as an IQ test

70
Q

Rorschach Inkblots

A

A projective personality test in which the administer shows five cards of monochrome ink plots, asking what you see

General Psychology (1 decks)

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