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BIO 111 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

what are the bond types?

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds.

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2
Q

what are ionic bonds?

A

to move to a lower energy shell, electrons will sometimes move from one atom to another, creating ions.

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3
Q

what is a example of a ionic bond?

A

sodium chloride, MSG

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4
Q

what are covalent bonds?

A

to fill an energy shell, atoms will sometimes share electrons creating covalent bonds, these are strong bonds

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5
Q

what is a example of a covalent bond?

A

ethanol, DNA, MSG, usually biological molecules

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6
Q

what are hydrogen bonds?

A

bonds formed between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of another

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7
Q

what is a isotope?

A

a atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, same amount of protons and electrons

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8
Q

what is a ion?

A

a charged atom or molecule, number of electrons does not equal the number of protons

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9
Q

what is a isomer

A

a molecule with the same formula, but a different structure ex: butane and isobutane

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10
Q

what is a polar covalent bond?

A

uneven sharing of electrons, which creates a molecule with one side that is more positive and one that is more negative

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11
Q

if something is soluble then its______

A

polar

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12
Q

what is a non polar covalent bond?

A

electrons are shared evenly, charge is equally disubstituted across the molecule

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13
Q

what is a example of a non polar substance?

A

oil, fat

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14
Q

what are the properties of water?

A

cohesion, regulates temperatures, low density as solid, good solvent, chemical reactant and product

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15
Q

cohesion in water happens because of

A

hydrogen bonds, water molecules stick together

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16
Q

how do hydrogen bonds affect the temperature of water?

A

energy from the sun disrupts the bonds between water molecules, new bonds are made quick, sun energy is being used on breaking the bonds rather increasing the temperature

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17
Q

in frozen water the molecules are?

A

spread out more, no movement, makes ice less dense

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18
Q

in liquid water the molecules are?

A

close together and moving freely, increases the density

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19
Q

what makes water a good solvent?

A

the polarity, the slightly more negative and positive

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20
Q

what makes something more acidic?

A

higher concentration of H+ ions

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21
Q

what makes something more basic?

A

higher concentration of OH- (hydroxide)

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22
Q

how do buffers work?

A

absorb or release H+ ions

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23
Q

what makes up polymers?

A

monomers

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24
Q

what are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

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25
Q

what are the three monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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26
Q

what are the three disaccharides?

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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27
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

energy, structure, signaling,

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28
Q

what is stored short term energy called?

A

glycogen

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29
Q

what are proteins made out of?

A

chain of amino acids ( peptide bonds )

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30
Q

what is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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31
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

make collagen ( structural ), anti bodies, make muscle proteins ( myosin, actin ), membrane channel proteins ( transport ), digestive enzymes

32
Q

what are nucleic acids made out of?

A

nucleotides, the monomers

33
Q

what holds nucleotides together?

A

phosphodiester bonds

34
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids?

A

information storage

35
Q

what is the monomer of lipids?

A

fatty acids

36
Q

what do fatty acids make up?

A

triglycerides, the polymer

37
Q

what bond holds fatty acids together?

A

ester bonds

38
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

artificial addition of hydrogen to atoms to unsaturated fat to make the fat more saturated

39
Q

what are saturated fats?

A

solid at room temperature, even and straight bonding

40
Q

what are unsaturated fats?

A

liquid at room temperature, uneven bonding

41
Q

what are the functions of lipids?

A

energy storage, signaling

42
Q

what do only prokaryotes only have?

A

free floating DNA, no membrane bound organelles, always unicellular

43
Q

what domain are prokaryotes in?

A

bacteria, archaea

44
Q

what do only eukaryotes only have?

A

DNA is nucleus, membrane bound organelles, unicellular and multicellular, domain eukarya

45
Q

what do eukaryotes and prokaryotes both have in common?

A

all properties of life, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, contain DNA

46
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions

47
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

produce proteins

48
Q

what is the function of the endomembrane system?

A

break down toxic chemicals and cellular by-products

49
Q

what parts are in the endomembrane system?

A

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysomes

50
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

can be smooth or rough, network of membranes that help with protein synthesis

51
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

sort proteins coming from the ER

52
Q

what are lysomes?

A

the digestive system of the cell

53
Q

what do animal cells have that plant cells dont?

A

centrioles

54
Q

what is the function of the cellular membrane?

A

separate the cytoplasm from surroundings, transport substances in and out of cell, receive and respond to external stimuli

55
Q

how do things get across the membrane?

A

passive transport, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

56
Q

what are the three different types of passive transport?

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

57
Q

diffusion does what?

A

move from a area of high concentration to low concentration

58
Q

facilitated diffusion does what?

A

move from a area of high concentration to low concentration using a protein channel

59
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water, water will move to the lower concertation

60
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

high solute, less solvent

61
Q

what is a isotonic solution?

A

same solute and solvent content

62
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

high solvent, low solute.

63
Q

what is active transport?

A

allows molecules to be moved against their concentration gradient, low to high, requires ATP

64
Q

endocytosis is?

A

to go in the cell, require energy

65
Q

exocytosis is?

A

to go out the cell, require energy

66
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts, substance that speeds up a chemical solution , lower the activation energy

67
Q

factors that affect enzymes are?

A

substrate concentration, competitive inhibitor, non-competitive inhibitor, change in environmental condition

68
Q

what is a genome?

A

organisms genetic makeup

69
Q

diploid

A

46 chromosomes, mitosis

70
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes, meiosis

71
Q

autosomal dominant

A

a pattern of inheritance in which only one copy of a mutated gene is required to inherit a trait

72
Q

polygenic

A

many genes code for one trait, ex eye color, skin color, height and hair color

73
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene has multiple biological effects, ex, sickle cell disease, marfan syndrome, schizophrenia.

74
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

DNA to RNA to Protein, cant be reversed

75
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

76
Q

RNA to Protein

A

translation

BIO 111 (1 decks)

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