Final Exam Review

Question 1

what are the bond types?

Answer 1

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds.

Question 2

what are ionic bonds?

Answer 2

to move to a lower energy shell, electrons will sometimes move from one atom to another, creating ions.

Question 3

what is a example of a ionic bond?

Answer 3

sodium chloride, MSG

Question 4

what are covalent bonds?

Answer 4

to fill an energy shell, atoms will sometimes share electrons creating covalent bonds, these are strong bonds

Question 5

what is a example of a covalent bond?

Answer 5

ethanol, DNA, MSG, usually biological molecules

Question 6

what are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 6

bonds formed between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of another

Question 7

what is a isotope?

Answer 7

a atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, same amount of protons and electrons

Question 8

what is a ion?

Answer 8

a charged atom or molecule, number of electrons does not equal the number of protons

Question 9

what is a isomer

Answer 9

a molecule with the same formula, but a different structure ex: butane and isobutane

Question 10

what is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 10

uneven sharing of electrons, which creates a molecule with one side that is more positive and one that is more negative

Question 11

if something is soluble then its______

Answer 11

polar

Question 12

what is a non polar covalent bond?

Answer 12

electrons are shared evenly, charge is equally disubstituted across the molecule

Question 13

what is a example of a non polar substance?

Answer 13

oil, fat

Question 14

what are the properties of water?

Answer 14

cohesion, regulates temperatures, low density as solid, good solvent, chemical reactant and product

Question 15

cohesion in water happens because of

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds, water molecules stick together

Question 16

how do hydrogen bonds affect the temperature of water?

Answer 16

energy from the sun disrupts the bonds between water molecules, new bonds are made quick, sun energy is being used on breaking the bonds rather increasing the temperature

Question 17

in frozen water the molecules are?

Answer 17

spread out more, no movement, makes ice less dense

Question 18

in liquid water the molecules are?

Answer 18

close together and moving freely, increases the density

Question 19

what makes water a good solvent?

Answer 19

the polarity, the slightly more negative and positive

Question 20

what makes something more acidic?

Answer 20

higher concentration of H+ ions

Question 21

what makes something more basic?

Answer 21

higher concentration of OH- (hydroxide)

Question 22

how do buffers work?

Answer 22

absorb or release H+ ions

Question 23

what makes up polymers?

Answer 23

monomers

Question 24

what are the two types of carbohydrates?

Answer 24

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 25

what are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 25

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 26

what are the three disaccharides?

Answer 26

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 27

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 27

energy, structure, signaling,

Question 28

what is stored short term energy called?

Answer 28

glycogen

Question 29

what are proteins made out of?

Answer 29

chain of amino acids ( peptide bonds )

Question 30

what is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 30

amino acids

Question 31

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 31

make collagen ( structural ), anti bodies, make muscle proteins ( myosin, actin ), membrane channel proteins ( transport ), digestive enzymes

Question 32

what are nucleic acids made out of?

Answer 32

nucleotides, the monomers

Question 33

what holds nucleotides together?

Answer 33

phosphodiester bonds

Question 34

what is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 34

information storage

Question 35

what is the monomer of lipids?

Answer 35

fatty acids

Question 36

what do fatty acids make up?

Answer 36

triglycerides, the polymer

Question 37

what bond holds fatty acids together?

Answer 37

ester bonds

Question 38

what is hydrogenation?

Answer 38

artificial addition of hydrogen to atoms to unsaturated fat to make the fat more saturated

Question 39

what are saturated fats?

Answer 39

solid at room temperature, even and straight bonding

Question 40

what are unsaturated fats?

Answer 40

liquid at room temperature, uneven bonding

Question 41

what are the functions of lipids?

Answer 41

energy storage, signaling

Question 42

what do only prokaryotes only have?

Answer 42

free floating DNA, no membrane bound organelles, always unicellular

Question 43

what domain are prokaryotes in?

Answer 43

bacteria, archaea

Question 44

what do only eukaryotes only have?

Answer 44

DNA is nucleus, membrane bound organelles, unicellular and multicellular, domain eukarya

Question 45

what do eukaryotes and prokaryotes both have in common?

Answer 45

all properties of life, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, contain DNA

Question 46

what does the mitochondria do?

Answer 46

generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions

Question 47

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 47

produce proteins

Question 48

what is the function of the endomembrane system?

Answer 48

break down toxic chemicals and cellular by-products

Question 49

what parts are in the endomembrane system?

Answer 49

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysomes

Question 50

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 50

can be smooth or rough, network of membranes that help with protein synthesis

Question 51

what is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 51

sort proteins coming from the ER

Question 52

what are lysomes?

Answer 52

the digestive system of the cell

Question 53

what do animal cells have that plant cells dont?

Answer 53

centrioles

Question 54

what is the function of the cellular membrane?

Answer 54

separate the cytoplasm from surroundings, transport substances in and out of cell, receive and respond to external stimuli

Question 55

how do things get across the membrane?

Answer 55

passive transport, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 56

what are the three different types of passive transport?

Answer 56

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Question 57

diffusion does what?

Answer 57

move from a area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 58

facilitated diffusion does what?

Answer 58

move from a area of high concentration to low concentration using a protein channel

Question 59

what is osmosis?

Answer 59

diffusion of water, water will move to the lower concertation

Question 60

what is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 60

high solute, less solvent

Question 61

what is a isotonic solution?

Answer 61

same solute and solvent content

Question 62

what is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 62

high solvent, low solute.

Question 63

what is active transport?

Answer 63

allows molecules to be moved against their concentration gradient, low to high, requires ATP

Question 64

endocytosis is?

Answer 64

to go in the cell, require energy

Question 65

exocytosis is?

Answer 65

to go out the cell, require energy

Question 66

what are enzymes?

Answer 66

biological catalysts, substance that speeds up a chemical solution , lower the activation energy

Question 67

factors that affect enzymes are?

Answer 67

substrate concentration, competitive inhibitor, non-competitive inhibitor, change in environmental condition

Question 68

what is a genome?

Answer 68

organisms genetic makeup

Question 69

diploid

Answer 69

46 chromosomes, mitosis

Question 70

haploid

Answer 70

23 chromosomes, meiosis

Question 71

autosomal dominant

Answer 71

a pattern of inheritance in which only one copy of a mutated gene is required to inherit a trait

Question 72

polygenic

Answer 72

many genes code for one trait, ex eye color, skin color, height and hair color

Question 73

pleiotropy

Answer 73

one gene has multiple biological effects, ex, sickle cell disease, marfan syndrome, schizophrenia.

Question 74

what is the central dogma?

Answer 74

DNA to RNA to Protein, cant be reversed

Question 75

DNA to RNA

Answer 75

transcription

Question 76

RNA to Protein

Answer 76

translation