Final Exam Review

Question 1

The plot below represents the initial reaction velocities for different substrate concentrations in a batch reactor. The same, and I’m concentration, reactor volume, temperature, and pH were used for all data points. Assuming that the reaction follows Michaelis Menten kinetics, please estimate Vm from the plot. 

Answer 1

600 micromol/(l x min)
y-axis value where the graph levels off

Question 2

(T/F) when ribose is a part of a nucleic acid sequence, the phosphate is on carbon 5

Answer 2

True

Question 3

(T/F) the template strand of DNA is transcribed 

Answer 3

True

Question 4

mRNA is translated in…

Answer 4

5’ to 3’ direction

Question 5

What molecular components that comprise the basic subunits (monomers) of DNA differ from RNA?

Answer 5

Sugar, base

Question 6

Studying the expression of a transcription, regulatory protein into cell types, you have performed experiments showing that the mRNA encoding the protein is present at varying levels in the cytosol of both cell types. However, you find out that the protein in both cell types is expressed at comparable levels. Which of the following steps in expression of the gene and coding this protein is more likely to be differentially controlled in these cell types?

Answer 6

Transcription and translation

Question 7

You are treating a tumor with pulse electric fields. You aim to ablate all local tumor cells. What pulses sequence do you prefer?

Answer 7

High voltage, short pulses, high frequencies consistent with IRE protocols

Question 8

The process of delivery of nucleic acids materials into mammalian cells with pulse electric fields is called…

Answer 8

Gene electrotransfer

Question 9

(T/F) tertiary protein structure refers to the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein 

Answer 9

False

Question 10

What charge would you expect a protein to have in a highly acidic environment?

Answer 10

Positive

Question 11

Which of the following is an assumption of the Michaelis Menten Kinetics model that was described in class?

Answer 11

S concentration&raquo_space;> E concentration

Question 12

What happens in the M phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

Answer 12

Cell separates into two daughter cells, replicated chromosomes line up and begin separating

Question 13

(T/F) during DNA synthesis, the leading strand of DNA is reproduced continuously

Answer 13

True

Question 14

During DNA electrophoresis…

Answer 14

Smaller DNA fragments migrate FASTER, compared to larger ones (none of the above on the exam review question)

Question 15

What are the base pairs that bind together to form double-stranded RNA?

Answer 15

U-A, C-G

Question 16

Which is true of a typical cell growth curve under batch conditions?

Answer 16

There is no net replication in the stationary phase

Question 17

(T/F) a cell commits to division or quiescence during the G2 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 17

False

Question 18

RNA polymerase moves along the molecule of DNA in which direction?

Answer 18

3’ to 5’ direction

Question 19

The term Vm, in Michaelis Menten kinetics, can be interpreted as?

Answer 19

The maximum rate of product production

Question 20

The abbreviation ES in the enzyme kinetics discussed class stand for?

Answer 20

Enzyme substrate complex

Question 21

Dideoxy Nucleotide Triphosphates (ddNTP) are used DNA sequencing to…

Answer 21

Stop DNA synthesis locations that correspond to nucleotides containing a specific base

Question 22

The general chemical structure for the basic subunits of a polypeptide include, which of the following?

Answer 22

Central carbon with the following attached: H, COOH, NH2, and variable R group

Question 23

Which of the following are mechanisms by which proteins can be denatured?

Answer 23

Extreme temperatures, highly acidic or basic conditions, high sheer stress (all of the above on the exam review)

Question 24

What is the base pairing for DNA?

Answer 24

A-T, G-C

Question 25

(T/F) the Hayflick limit is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops

Answer 25

True

Question 26

One type of device that can be used to count cells in order to determine the concentration of cells in a liquid sample is called?

Answer 26

Hemocytometer

Question 27

What mathematical equation is used to describe the equilibrium potential at which there is no driving force for the flow of any in organic ion through a membrane channel?

Answer 27

Nernst equation

Question 28

(T/F) flow cytometers analyze cells using a one cell at a time approach

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The negative potential inside most living cells (relative to the outside) is primarily attributed to…

Answer 29

The proteins in the cell interior that are primarily anions

Question 30

Forward angle scatter (FSC) is measured by flow cytometer. What does a FSC measurement indicate?

Answer 30

Cell size

Question 31

ELISA assays are used to…

Answer 31

Detect a soluble protein or antibody

Question 32

The two driving forces that force the flow of inorganic ions through an open channel in the cell membrane is?

Answer 32

Concentration gradient, the voltage gradient

Question 33

(T/F) neurotransmitters are a chemical means of propagating an electrical signal from one cell to another

Answer 33

True

Question 34

(T/F) Adherens Junction is an anchorage site for actin filaments

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the main constitute of the mammalian cell plasma membrane?

Answer 35

Phospholipids

Question 36

What type of signaling utilizes a channel between cells?

Answer 36

Contact dependent signaling

Question 37

Phospholipids are comprised of?

Answer 37

2 fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, polar head group

Question 38

(T/F) phospholipids in the bilayer structure of a mammalian cell membrane are covalently bound to each other

Answer 38

False

Question 39

What type of signaling occurs where cells only respond to signaling molecules that they self secrete?

Answer 39

Autocrine signaling

Question 40

Osmosis is…

Answer 40

The diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane

Question 41

What type of signaling includes the blood carrying signal molecules to the target cells?

Answer 41

Endocrine signaling

Question 42

(T/F) epithelial surfaces have a 1-dimensional ECM

Answer 42

False

Question 43

The elasticity of blood vessels can be attributed to which of the following?

Answer 43

Elastin

Question 44

(T/F) Hemidesmosomes anchor intermediate filaments to the ECM

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What is the name for ligands that can increase or decrease a metabolic enzyme activity, gene expression, or cell morphogenesis?

Answer 45

Effector proteins

Question 46

(T/F) intracellular receptors have hydrophilic ligands

Answer 46

False

Question 47

(T/F) cell surface receptors have hydrophilic ligands

Answer 47

True

Question 48

In paracrine signaling, the molecules secreted by a particular cell are intended to communicate with…

Answer 48

Other cells over relatively short distances

Question 49

What does the acronym ECM represent in biology?

Answer 49

Extra cellular matrix

Question 50

Integrins are…

Answer 50

Linked to the cytoskeleton

Question 51

Gap junctions…

Answer 51

Allow passage of small, water-soluble molecules from one cell to another

Question 52

In reference to recombinant DNA technology, DNA is cleaved at specific sites by…

Answer 52

Restriction nucleases

Question 53

Primary cell culture refers to cells…

Answer 53

Taken directly from a tissue of an organism to a dish, that do not continue to grow and eventually die, explanted directly from a donor organism (all of the above on the exam review)

Question 54

(T/F) cells in a primary culture are not susceptible to contamination

Answer 54

False

Question 55

(T/F) secondary cell cultures are cells that are taken from a primary culture are passaged or divided in vitro

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Passaging cells in culture refers to…

Answer 56

The process of removing or diluting cells in a culture to keep the cells actively growing

Question 57

(T/F) optimal confluency of cells in cell culture at the point of replating is 90-100%

Answer 57

False

Question 58

What is typically used to detach adherent cell lines from cell culture dishes?

Answer 58

Trypsin

Question 59

Upon trypsonization of cells in a culture, what, if anything, on the cells is disrupted?

Answer 59

Protein-mediated attachments to one another and growth factors

Question 60

(T/F) The growth of adherence cells in batch culture is limited by the amount of nutrients available rather than the amount of available surface area.

Answer 60

False

Question 61

A sterilization technique that causes mutations to form in the DNA of microbes eventually leading to death is referred to as?

Answer 61

UV radiation

Question 62

What term refers to a heat treatment to reduce the level of microbes?

Answer 62

Pasteurization

Question 63

What term refers to the removal, destruction, or inactivation of microorganisms, which may cause specific damage or infection, while others may survive?

Answer 63

Disinfection

Question 64

(T/F) sterilization removes, destroys, or inactivates ALL life of any kind from an object or material

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Side scatter (SSC) in relationship to flow cytometry provides what useful measurement or information?

Answer 65

Surface topography

Question 66

When performing an ELISA assay, the basic use for a capture antibody is to…

Answer 66

Capture a target protein

Question 67

Which of the following is a device for directly analyzing gene expression?

Answer 67

Gene microarray

Question 68

In microscopy, what is the transmitted light mode in which the image is obtained by simple transmission of light through the sample being viewed?

Answer 68

Brightfield

Question 69

In microscopy, what transmitted light mode allows for 3-D imaging?

Answer 69

Differential interference contrast

Question 70

(T/F) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to observe internal cell structure down to the molecular level

Answer 70

False

Question 71

(T/F) transmission electron microscopy is useful to observe 3-D characteristics of surface topography

Answer 71

False

Question 72

Cell lysis can be accomplished by which of the following techniques?

Answer 72

A blender, sonication, tissue homogenizer (all of the above on the exam review)

Question 73

(T/F) mitogens stimulate cell division

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Which of the following modes of cell migration is dependent upon of substrate bound concentration gradient?

Answer 74

Haptotaxis

Question 75

Which of the following modes of cell migration is dependent upon a rigidity gradient?

Answer 75

Durotaxis

Question 76

Which of the following modes of cell migration is dependent upon a soluble concentration gradient?

Answer 76

Chemotaxis

Question 77

Which of the following is described by a sheet-like protrusion supported by a mesh work of actin filaments, which is extended at the leading edge of a crawling animal cell?

Answer 77

Lamellipodium

Question 78

Which of the following refers to a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm?

Answer 78

Cytoskeleton

Question 79

Which of the following are formed from microtubules and act as a sensory device?

Answer 79

Cilia

Question 80

What are the four stages of wound healing and chronological order?

Answer 80

Homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

Question 81

During the homeostasis phase of the foreign body response, what process also occurs that does not occur during normal wound healing?

Answer 81

Adsorption

Question 82

(T/F) The Vroman effect involves high molecular weight molecules attaching to the surface of the biome material and then being replaced by low molecular weight molecules

Answer 82

False

Question 83

During the proliferation phase of the foreign body response, what is proliferating?

Answer 83

Endothelial cells and fibroblasts

Question 84

You are looking at a trichrome image of an 8-week implant of a new material that you were testing for biocompatibility implanted subcutaneously. You immediately conclude that the material is not biocompatible. Why?

Answer 84

You observe, thick, blue fibrous staining around the implant indicating fibrous encapsulation

Question 85

You have counted 25, 20, 45, and 32 blue cells in the four squares of the hemocytometer and 10, 12, 11, and 12 clear cells in the same four squares of the hemocytometer. You have 10 mL of your cell suspension And you use 0.02 mL of cell suspension, and 0.02 mL of trypan blue to load the hemocytometer. What is your dilution factor?

Answer 85

DF=2 [(0.02+0.02)/(0.02)]= 2

Question 86

You seeded 20,000 cells in your 10 cm in diameter plate on Monday. On Friday (day 4) you observe that your plate is 80% confluent, and you counted 1 million cells. What is the population doubling time?

Answer 86

17 hr

Question 87

Consider that you are growing a batch of cells in a petri dish. You seed 1000 viable cells into the culture at t=0. The cells are known to have a 4-hour lag time. If the cells have a net replication rate of 0.87 hr-1, how many cells will be in the culture 10 hours after you initially seeded the culture?

Answer 87

184934 cells

Question 88

Considered that you are growing a batch of cells in a petri dish as followed in the growth curve showing in the figure. At the beginning of their log phase of growth, there are 1000 cells. If the cells have a net replication rate of 0.87 hr-1, what is the doubling time of the cells?

Answer 88

0.8 hr