final exam review Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
the pumping chambers are the
right pumps ?
left pumps ?
the receiving chambers are the
right receives ? blood
left receives ? blood
A
ventricles, deoxy, oxy
atria, deoxy, oxy
2
Q
↓ ADH release leads to:
↓ # of AQPs
↓ water ? in CD
↑ Output of ? urine
↑ ADH release leads to
↑ # of ? inserted in CD
↑ Water reabsorbed into capillaries
↓ Output of ? urine
A
reabsorption, dilute, aquaporins, concentrated
3
Q
? carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
? carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
A
veins, arteries
4
Q
pulmonary circuit sequence:
A
heart, lungs, heart
5
Q
systemic circuit sequence:
A
heart, body systems, heart
6
Q
the ? is large in children and atrophies as we age and produces ?
A
thymus, t-lymphocytes
7
Q
lymph ? are responsible for cleaning ?, blood, saliva, and intestinal juice by filtering out harmful substances like ?, ? and damaged cells as the fluid passes thru them
A
nodes, lymph, bacteria, viruses
8
Q
the function of the tonsils are to
A
stop germs and fight infection
9
Q
the job of the ? patches and ? is to ? and ? bacteria from breaching intestinal wall into peritoneal cavity.
to generate ? cells for future exposure to pathogens
A
peyer’s, appendix, destroy, prevent, memory
10
Q
func of spleen is to remove ? and ? and produce ?
A
RBC’s, pathogens, lymphocytes
11
Q
The lymphatic system primarily functions to collect ? fluid from ? throughout the body, returning it to the ? while also filtering out harmful substances and ?
A
excess, tissues, bloodstream, pathogens
12
Q
Bone marrow’s main function is to produce ?, ?, ?
A
RBC’s, WBC’s’, platelets
13
Q
?: The primary male reproductive organ, responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
?: A sac that holds the testes, maintaining a slightly cooler temperature necessary for sperm production.
?: A coiled tube on the surface of each testis where sperm mature and become motile before traveling to the vas deferens.
?: A muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
?: Glands that contribute a fluid rich in fructose to the semen, providing energy for sperm movement.
?: Produces a fluid that helps nourish and protect sperm during ejaculation.
?: A tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body.
A
testes, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra
14
Q
Hormonal regulation:
?: Produced by the testes, this hormone is crucial for male sexual development, muscle mass, and bone density.
?: Stimulates sperm production in the testes.
?: Triggers testosterone production in the testes.
A
testosterone, FSH, LH
15
Q
?:
Located on either side of the uterus, they produce eggs (ova) and secrete hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
?:
These tubes transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus, where fertilization by sperm typically occurs.
?:
A muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy.
?:
The opening of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
?:
A muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse and serves as the birth canal.
A
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
16
Q
? phase:
An egg matures within an ovarian follicle, and estrogen levels rise, causing the uterine lining to thicken.
?:
The mature egg is released from the ovary and travels through the fallopian tube.
? phase:
The ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to further prepare the uterine lining for potential implantation.
?:
If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual bleeding.
A
follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation
17
Q
?: The primary female hormone. this hormone production is dominant in the first half of the menstrual cycle.
?: Production of this hormone dominates in the second half of the menstrual cycle.
?: Responsible for starting follicle (egg) development.
?: Helps in egg maturation and triggers ovulation.
Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone causes ?
A
estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH
increased levels of inhibin which inhibits the release of FSH and LH
18
Q
? ? acquired:
infection; contact with a pathogen (produces Tm)
A
active, naturally
19
Q
? ? acquired:
antibodies passed from ? to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her ?
A
passive, naturally, mother, milk
20
Q
? ? acquired:
vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens (produces Tm)
A
active artificially
21
Q
? ? acquired:
injection of donated gamma globulin (antibodies)
A
passive artificially
22
Q
what substance reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse?
if u increase this substance you ? surface tension, no collapse
if u decrease this substance you ? surface tension, collapse
A
surfactant, decrease, increase
23
Q
Pathway of Lymph
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
A
capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunk, ducts
24
Q
? lymphatic vessels are channels that carry lymph fluid and immune cells into lymph ?, where they are ? and processed.
? vessels carry filtered lymph away from lymph nodes and back to the ?
A
afferent, nodes, filtered, efferent, bloodstream
25
fertilization occurs in the
uterine tubes
26
pathway of urine
renal pyramid, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
27
? System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
? System: Facilitates gas exchange, delivering oxygen to the blood and expelling carbon dioxide.
? System: Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption and energy production while eliminating waste.
? System: Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.
circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous
28
? System: Produces hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
? System: Provides structure, protection, and support for the body, and aids in movement.
? System: Enables body movement, posture, and generates heat through contraction.
? System: Protects the body from infections, diseases, and foreign invaders.
endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune
29
? System: Protects the body from external damage, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss.
? System: Filters blood to remove waste products and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.
? System: Enables the production of offspring through the creation of gametes and support of fetal development.
? System: Maintains fluid balance and supports the immune system by filtering and returning lymph to the bloodstream.
integumentary, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic
30
? stage (conception to around week 2), ? stage (week 3 to week 8), and ? stage (week 9 until birth)
germinal, embryonic, fetal
31
?: The cervix opens and thins, or effaces, to make room for the baby. This stage is the longest.
?: The baby is born. This stage lasts 30–60 minutes.
?: The placenta is delivered. This stage can take a few minutes to 60 minutes.
dilation, expulsion, placental
32
The medical term for "labor and delivery" is ?
parturition
33
sex organs are
testes, ovaries
34
gametes are
sperm, ova
35
composition of plasma:
92% water + 8% solutes; solutes being: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, plasma proteins
36
what decreases the effect of a hormone on a target cell
antagonistic hormones
37
? cells mature in the thymus
? cells mature in red bone marrow
T, B
38
Tc (? T cells) kill infected cells
Th (? T cells) assist other immune cells
Tregs (? T cells) help maintain immune tolerance
Tm (? T cells) provide long-term immunity
cytotoxic, helper, regulatory, memory
39
? ? Cells
Are non-phagocytic cells
Are non-specific ?
Constantly carry out immune surveillance and bind to target cells (cancer or infected cells) that lack “self-markers” or MHC markers (proteins)
these Cells can kill
1. ? cells
2. ? cells (virus infected cells)
natural killer, lymphocyte, cancer, infected
40
The body primarily gets rid of heat through ? and ?
sweating, urinating
41
?-soluble hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane and must bind to ? on the cell surface
water, receptors
42
?-soluble hormones can easily diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell bc we have a ?-?
lipid, pospholipid-bilayer
43
? = testosterone (males)
Estrogens and ? (females)
Androgens, progesterone
44
Thyroid hormone acts like a ? hormone because both types of hormones bind to intracellular ? within target cells, which then translocate to the nucleus and interact with ? to regulate gene expression
steroid, receptors, DNA
45
You only need certain vaccines once in a lifetime because some viruses are relatively stable with low ? rates, meaning the immune system can develop a strong, long-lasting ? against them, allowing for lifelong ? after a single vaccination
maturation, memory, protection
46
if your liver is removed:
your body would be unable to properly filter ? from the blood, leading to a buildup of harmful substances, causing severe complications like ? (yellowing of skin and eyes), bleeding issues due to lack of ? factors, impaired ? from lack of bile production, and ultimately, ? as the body cannot function without a liver to perform its vital functions (liver is the only organ that ?)
toxins, jaundice, clotting, digestion, death, regenerates
47
Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells) and NK cells (natural killer cells) are similar in that both are ? cells capable of ? killing infected or abnormal cell. They release ? and granzymes to induce ? in their target cells.
immune, directly, perforin, apoptosis
48
Some vaccines must be administered multiple times to ensure adequate and long-lasting ? because the initial doses may not provoke a strong enough immune response. Booster shots help reinforce immune ?, ensuring that the body can quickly and effectively respond to the ? in the future.
immunity, memory, pathogen
49
? is a clear to slightly yellowish fluid composed primarily of water, proteins, salts, lipids, white blood cells, and waste products.
it transports ?, ?, electrolytes, ?, fat, debris, damaged/cancer cells
lymph, water, proteins, WBC's
50
renal corpuscle consists of:
-glomerulus: cluster of tiny BV's that filters ? & forms ?
-glomerular capsule: surrounds the ?, collects the ?, allows small molecules to pass through while filtering out larger particles
blood, urine, glomerulus, filtrate
51
? form a filtration barrier
? capillaries allow for the ? of nutrients, while simultaneously secreting ? products, contributing to the formation of ?
podocytes, peritubular, reabsorption, waste, urine
52
the renal tubule (including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule) processes the ?, reabsorbs needed substances and secretes ? products, ultimately leading to ? formation
filtrate, waste, urine
53
the filtrate travels to the ? ? for further processing into urine and excretion.
collecting duct
54
Glomerular filtrate is made up of ?, ?, ? acid, ?, amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids, inorganic salts, and smaller proteins
water, urea, uric, glucose
55
filtrate is the fluid that ?
has been filtered from the blood in glomerulus
56
what shouldnt be in urine
blood, glucose, proteins
57
In the proximal convoluted tubule, ?, ?, ?, amino acids, chloride, and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
water, sodium, glucose
58
? and ? ions are crucial electrolytes in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney
potassium, hydrogen
59
the DCT has more fine-tuned control over reabsorption of ?, ?, ?, and can also actively secrete substances like ? ions, to regulate pH levels
sodium, chloride, potassium, hydrogen
60
the nephron loop primarily focuses on reabsorbing large quantities of ? and ? ions, creating a ? gradient
sodium, chloride, concentration
61
descending limb reabsorbs ? and ?
sodium, chloride
62
the collecting duct reabsorbs ?, ?, potassium, and ?.
water, sodium, urea
63
?:
Most abundant white blood cell, first responders to infection, engulf and destroy bacteria and fungi, die fighting pathogens.
?:
? cells: Produce antibodies that specifically target pathogens.
? cells: Directly attack infected cells and regulate immune response, including "helper" T cells and "cytotoxic" T cells.
?:
Develop into macrophages which engulf large particles, dead cells, and pathogens. macrophages are the chief phagocytic cells bc they live for long periods of time and is the most robust.
?:
Primarily fight parasitic infections and can also contribute to allergic reactions.
?:
Release histamine, a chemical that triggers inflammation during allergic responses.
neutrophils, lymphocytes, B, T, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
64
? cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems, detecting ? and activating ? cells to orchestrate a targeted immune response.
dendritic, pathogens, T
65
When blood clots with ?, they aggregate at the site of a blood vessel injury, adhere to the damaged area, and release ? signals that activate other platelets and coagulation factors, forming a ? (fibrous protein) mesh that stabilizes the clot and prevents further bleeding.
?: The injured blood vessel narrows to reduce blood loss.
? ?: Platelets are released from the spleen and stick to the damaged vessel wall to form a temporary plug.
? ?: Platelets release molecules that activate clotting factors, including fibrinogen, which is converted into fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and stabilizes the platelet plug.
? ?: Platelets contract to pull the damaged vessel walls closer together.
platelets, chemical, fibrin
vasoconstriction, platelet plug, fibrin clot, clot retraction
66
a ? is a blood clot the forms inside one of your veins or arteries
thrombus
67
?: A piece of a thrombus that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream until it reaches a vessel that's too small for it to pass through
embolus
68
a ? is a blood clot that remains in a vessel, while an ? is a blood clot that moves from one location to another in the body
thrombosis, embolism
69
? is a buildup of substances in the body causing problems like atherosclerosis
As this substance builds up, ? narrow, which can ? blood flow to organs and tissues.
plaque, arteries, reduce
70
? is 10% of semen
the ? ? contributes to 60-70% of semen volume
the ? gland contribute to 25-30% of semen volume
sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate
71
Gas exchange specifically occurs in the ? ? within the alveoli of the lungs.
? come into the capillary beds, and ? go out of them.
Blood pressure is higher at the ? end of a capillary than at the ? end
capillary beds, arterioles, venules, arterial, venous
72
Tissues and organs respond to hormones through specific ? on their cells, which recognize and ? to the hormone.
receptors, bind
73
type 1 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function in the process of ? ? due to their large surface area and thin walls.
simple squamous, gas exchange
74
type 2 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function to secrete ?. it also acts indirectly in the process of gas exchange by maintaining ? integrity
Surfactant ↓ ? ? prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation
Surfactant ↓ ? needed to inflate alveoli during inhalation
without surfactant your lungs would ? with each breath due to ? surface tension, making it extremely difficult to ? and potentially leading to severe ? distress
simple cuboidal, surfactant, alveolar, surface tension, energy, collapse, high, breathe, respiratory
75
How do water-soluble hormones communicate with target cells?
thru ? ? systems
second messenger
76
How do lipid-soluble hormones exert their effects?
by ? ? activation w/i the cell
direct gene
77
Resistance to airflow ? when the ? (aka lung compliance) of the lungs or surrounding tissues decreases. This can lead to ? airflow where reduced elastic recoil traps air in the lungs. some other examples causing resistance include: ?, airway ?, lung volume, airflow velocity, and air density
increases, elasticity, obstructed, friction, diameter
78
The purpose of cellular respiration is to ?
make ATP for the cell
79
The primary goal of the process of glycolysis is to break down a
glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
80
The main goal of the electron transport chain (ETC) is to generate an ? gradient that drives the production of ?
electrochemical, ATP
81
the goal of the citric acid cycle is to produce high-energy ? carriers (NADH and FADH₂), which drive ? production in the electron transport chain.
electron, ATP
82
ATP is an ? and ? energy molecule and has ? phosphate groups.
activated, active, 3
83
ADP is an ? and ? energy molecule with ? phosphate groups.
deactivated, non-active, 2
84
the human body cannot directly use ? as energy to perform work, as this substance is considered a "waste product" of ? and cannot be harnessed by cells to do cellular functions
heat, metabolism
85
? are ? messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various physiological processes in the body. They travel through the bloodstream to target organs or tissues, influencing functions like ?, ?, mood, and ?.
hormones, chemical, growth, metabolism, development
86
what is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron
macula densa
87
The velocity of blood is ? in capillaries and veins compared to arteries because they have a larger ? ?, meaning the same ? of blood is spread out, resulting in a slower flow rate
slower, surface area, volume
88
The benefit of blood being slow and having low blood pressure in capillaries is that it allows for
sufficient time for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products
89
men have ? function sperm(s), whereas women have ? functional egg(s) and the rest turn degenerate into ? ?
4,1, polar bodies
90
A cell changes from diploid to haploid during ? ? of meiosis I when ? chromosomes ? and move to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase I, homologous, seperate
91
The layer of a blood vessel primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure is the ? ?
? ? is for blood regulation and protection
? ? is for structural support and prevents excessive expansion from BP
tunica media, tunica intimia, tunica externa
92
pulmonary arteries carry ? blood
pulmonary veins carry ? blood
deoxy, oxy
93
the ? rhythm, which controls sleep-wake cycles, is primarily regulated by the hormone ?, produced by the ? gland in response to ?
circadian, melatonin, pineal, darkness
94
signs of inflammation
redness, pain, heat, edema (swelling)
95
if the AV valve doesn't close properly it will cause ? from the ? back into the ?. aka regurgitation
backflow, ventricles, atria
96
the part of a tooth responsible for chewing and hardness is the ?
enamel
97
A burst appendix is life threatening because when it bursts, it releases ? material into the ? cavity, causing a serious infection called ?, which can rapidly spread throughout the abdomen and potentially lead to ?
infected, abdominal, peritonitis, sepsis
98
The kidneys regulate total body water through the action of ?.
When the body is ? on water, the pituitary gland releases this hormone into the bloodstream which then signals the kidneys to ? more water and excrete ? urine.
list 3 other ways the kidneys regulate total body water:
ADH, low, reabsorb, less
aldosterone, osmosis, ANP, filtration, excretion, reabsorption
99
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle, why?
because it needs to pump blood throughout the entire body at high pressure, while the right ventricle only pumps blood to the nearby lungs, requiring less force
100
OT and ADH are produced in the ? ?, which merely stores and releases these hormones; it produces ?.
posterior pituitary, nothing
101
? stimuli refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels.
? stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands.
? stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to neural stimulation.
humoral, hormonal, neural
102
? lowers blood sugar levels; ? raises blood sugar levels. they are both produced by the ?
insulin, glucagon, pancreas
103
? is the universal donor and ? is the universal recipient
type o, type ab
104
? means blood clotting
? means the clumping of the ? blood
? means sticking together of particles
coagulation, agglutination, recepient's aggregation
105
? ? function as specialized cardiac cells that rapidly transmit ?impulses throughout the ? of the heart, ensuring ? and efficient blood pumping
purkinje fibers, electrical, ventricles, contraction
106
electrical conduction system pathway:
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
107
The "lub-dub" sound of a heartbeat is caused by the ? of the ? valves (bicuspid & tricuspid) as blood pumps through the heart
closing, AV
108
what is the main respiratory stimulus?
concentration of CO2
109
? is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports ? from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs, and returns ? to the lungs.
hemoglobin, O2, CO2
110
if someone is has a seizure under water, what keeps them from dying immediately?
oxygen reserve
111
cessation of breathing?
apnea
112
vital sign centers are
medulla oblongata and pons
113
? does not compete with ? to bind with hemoglobin
there are ? binding cites for O2 molecules to hook onto Hb
CO2, O2, 4
114
The ? is the only organ in the human body that can regenerate itself (hypertrophy).
liver essential functions: producing ?, storing ? for energy, emulsifying ?, and producing ? like albumin and clotting factors (fibrinogen).
liver, bile, glycogen, fats, proteins
115
? breaks down food.
? takes in nutrients.
? removes waste and excess substances.
? releases substances like enzymes, hormones, and waste.
digestion, absorption, filtration, secretion
116
?: Breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars.
?: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
?: Breaks down proteins into amino acids.
?: Breaks down lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose.
amylase, lipase, protease, lactase
117
?: Breaks down maltose (a sugar) into two glucose molecules.
?: Breaks down sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose.
?: Breaks down peptides into amino acids.
maltase, sucrase, peptidase
118
spermatogenesis is ?
oogenesis is ?
sperm production, egg production
119
list 5 hormones or mechanisms that regulates sodium levels in the body:
aldosterone, renin, angiotensin II, ANP, ADH, autoregulation, glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, RAAS
120
production of rbc's occurs in ?, by the process called ? and the hormone that promotes this process is ?
red bone marrow, erythropoiesis, erythropoietin
121
short-term response to changes in BP examples:
What process provides long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
temperature, fear, exercise, posture, dehydration, blood loss
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
122
swallowing= ?
First, the ? pushes the food into the throat. Next, the ? ? over the voice box at the top of the windpipe. Finally, the ? contracts and moves food toward the ?.
deglutition, tongue, epiglottis, folds, esophagus, stomach
123
inspiration is ?; the diaphragm ? and the ribs ?; V ? P ?
expiration is ?; the diaphragm ? and the ribs ?; V ? P ?
inhalation, lowers, raises, increases, decreases
exhalation, raises, lowers; decreases, increases
124
internal respiration is the movement of
oxygen from blood to body tissues (or cells) and CO2 from body tissues to blood
125
external respiration is the movement of
oxygen from lungs (alveoli) to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs
126
The primary factor controlling filtrate formation in the glomerulus is glomerular ? ?
hydrostatic pressure
127
? pressure is the actual pressure at a given ?, while the ? gradient tells you how much the pressure is changing as you move
hydrostatic, depth, pressure
128
the ? zone (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi), does not facilitate..
conducting, gas exchange
129
Respiratory gas exchange occurs in the ? of the lungs, which are part of the ? zone within the respiratory system; this is where ? moves from the air into the blood and ? moves from the blood into the air to be exhaled.
alveoli, respiratory, O2, CO2
130
? is stored in the liver, muscles, brain, and other tissues
glycogen
131
In a dehydrated patient, you would likely see signs like:
excessive thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, sunken eyes, dizziness, fatigue, headache, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion
132
The cells that create the rest of the cells in the body by differentiating are called ? cells
stem
133
what determines the flow of gas?
partial pressure and O2
134
goblet cells secrete ? and coat the ? in the dig. s.
mucus, stomach
135
Cyclic AMP second-messenger mechanism of water-soluble hormones order:
? binds to receptor
receptor activates ? protein
G protein activates ? cyclase
adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ? (2nd messenger)
cAMP activates protein ?
hormone, G, adenylate, cAMP, kinases
136
fungiform, vallate, and foliate- all these papillae contain ? ?
taste buds
137
+/- when it comes to blood deals with the ? ?
Rh factor
138
Type A: Has ? antigens and anti-? antibodies
Type B: Has ? antigens and anti-? antibodies
Type AB: Has ? and ? antigens, and ? antibodies
Type O: Has ? antigens, and both anti-? and anti-B antibodies
A, B
B, A
A,B, no
no, A, B
139
location of lymph nodes:
cervical, axillary, inguinal
140
IgG: Goo Goo Gaa Gaa
IgE: AllergE
IgM: Mom 1st when sick
IgA:
IgD: differentiation
crosses placenta & has greater concentration
allergy response & mast cells
1st Ab released
breAst milk, teArs, sAlivA & other body secretions
differentiation to B cells
141
1st line of defense is the
2nd line is ?, redness, ?, heat, ?, ? cells
3rd line is ? and ? cells; produce antibodies to attack ?
skin
inflammation, pain, chemicals, NK
B, T, pathogens
142
↑ afferent diameter causes
↑ efferent diameter causes
↑ GFR ↑ glomerular BP ↑ urine output ↓ systemic BP
↓ GFR
143
↓ afferent diameter causes
↓ efferent diameter causes
↓ GFR ↓ glomerular BP ↓ urine output ↑ systemic BP
↑ GFR
144
homologous structures:
testes →
glans penis →
scrotum →
prepuce →
bulbourethral gland →
prostate gland →
ovaries, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, greater vestibular gland, paraurethral gland
145
what happens to breathing and blood vessels when you vigorously exercise?
During vigorous exercise, ? acts as the primary energy source for muscles, being broken down to release ? molecules which are then used to produce ?
increased respiratory rate, tidal volume, HR, and vasodilation
glycogen, glucose, ATP
146
what is an autoimmune disease?
a condition where the body's ? system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and ?, causing ? and damage to various parts of the body, often due to a malfunction in recognizing ? from ? invaders
it can be caused by what
immune, cells, inflammation, self, foregin, apoptosis
147
A "? immune response" is the initial immune reaction that occurs when the body first encounters a specific ?, while a "? immune response" is a ? and stronger response that happens when the body encounters the same antigen again, due to the presence of ? cells developed during the primary response
primary, antigen, 2ndary, faster, memory
148
Acid reflux occurs when ..
u can take ? to try and prevent acid reflux
? of the ? ? prevents acid reflux
stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus, antacids
closing, gastroesophagel sphincter
149
explain RAAS flow and its purpose.
this system will ultimately lead to ↑ water and ? reabsorption, ↑ aldosterone production, and ?.
why is sodium regulation important?
renin → angiotensinogen
angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
angiotensin I + ACE → angiotensin II
sodium, vasoconstriction
fluid balance, BP regulation, nerve/muscle function, acid-base balance, kidney function, preventing edema & dehydration
150
what causes menstruation?
when menstruation begins, ? and ? are no longer inhibited.
drop in estrogen and progesterone after ovulation causing the shedding of the uterine lining
FSH, LH
151
? is the process by which your body converts food and drink into energy; all the collective chemical reactions in the body to maintain homeostasis
metabolism
152
? digestion occurs during chewing, segmentation, and churning
? digestion requires the use of enzymes
mechanical, chemical
153
what enzyme breaks down a high carb meal?
salivary and pancreatic amylase
154
a male lacking FSH will likely experience ..
infertility, testicular atrophy, reduction of sperm, absence of sperm
155
a female lacking FSH will cause ..
infertility, irregular periods, delayed puberty, little to no pubic hair
156
male lacking LH
infertility, no development of 2ndary sex characteristics
157
female lacking LH
no ovulation, infertility, irregular periods
158
What are our Innate (nonspecific) Defenses?
1. ? barriers
2. ?
3. ?
We are born with: skin, mucous m., WBC's, fever, inflammation
mechanical, cells, chemicals
159
Adaptive defenses are those we must ?
1. ? cells: differentiate into ? & ?
2. ? cells: differentiate into ? & ?
develop, B, plasma cells that produce antibodies, Bm (2ndary response), T, Tc, Th, Tregs, Tm (2ndary response)
160
? cells are cells in the body that can produce a normal immune response
example:
? and ? cells become immunocompetent when they ? and can recognize ?. This recognition is due to specific ? on the surfaces of these cells.
Immunocompetent, B, T, mature, antiens, receptors
161
arteries are ? allowing them to vasodilate and vasoconstrict. veins are ?
elastic, non-elastic
162
order of layers in digestive system:
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
163
The ? arteries (oxygenated blood), ?, ?, (deoxygenated blood) all supply blood to the heart's right atrium.
There are ? arteries and ? veins coming into the heart.
coronary, SVC, IVC, 2, 2
164
? creates new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
165
? builds up glycogen by converting glucose into a glycogen chain
glycogenesis
166
? breaks down glycogen (stored glucose) into glucose molecules
glycogenolysis
167
accessory organs:
alimentary canal:
liver, gallbladder, tongue, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, anus
168
what prevent dust and pathogens from entering the lungs?
mainly mucus but also cilia as it moves things up the respiratory tract
169
rbc's function:
wbc's function:
platelets function:
transport O2
fight infections
stop bleeding
