Final Exam review Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is a One-way ANOVA?
Used to compare means across multiple groups (e.g., comparing rat weight gain with different diets).
What is a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
Used to compare observed frequencies with expected frequencies (e.g., comparing frog species counts).
What is a Paired t-test?
Used to compare two related samples (e.g., before and after conditions).
What is a Two-sample t-test?
Used to compare means between two groups (e.g., comparing sleep across students from different universities).
What is a Chi-square test of independence?
Used to test relationships between two categorical variables.
What is Regression analysis?
Used for examining relationships between continuous variables (often used in predicting outcomes).
What is the Null hypothesis (H₀)?
The assumption that there is no effect or difference (e.g., no difference in group means
What is the Alternative hypothesis (Ha)?
The hypothesis that there is an effect or difference.
What is the F-statistic (ANOVA)?
A ratio comparing variance between groups to variance within groups to determine if group means differ.
What is the Chi-square statistic (χ²)?
Used in goodness-of-fit tests to compare observed vs. expected frequencies.
What is a p-value?
The probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
What does a small p-value (e.g., < 0.05) suggest?
It suggests that the observed data is unlikely under the null hypothesis, so you may reject the null hypothesis.
What is α (Alpha)?
The significance level, typically set at 0.05, which is the threshold below which you reject the null hypothesis.
What does the μ (Mu) symbol represent?
The population mean (average).
What does 𝑥̄ (x-bar) represent?
The sample mean (average).
What does the σ (Sigma) symbol represent?
The population standard deviation.
What does s represent?
The sample standard deviation.
What does σ² (Sigma squared) represent?
The population variance.
What does s² represent?
The sample variance
What does p represent?
The true population proportion of a characteristic.
What does p̂ (p-hat) represent?
The sample proportion of a characteristic.
What is the decision criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis in ANOVA?
Reject the null if the F-statistic is large and the p-value is less than α.
What is the decision criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis in Chi-square goodness-of-fit?
Reject the null if there is a significant difference between observed and expected frequencies (p-value < 0.05).
What is the conclusion if p > 0.05 in ANOVA?
Fail to reject the null; no significant difference among group means.
