Final Exam Review Flashcards

Question

``` It takes 487.5 J to heat 25 grams of copper from 25˚C to 75˚C. ``` What is the specific heat?

Answer 1

0.39 **J**/**g****˚C** ## Footnote or 390 J/kg˚C

Answer 2

* Convection * Conduction * Radiation

Answer 3

conduction

Answer 4

conduction

Answer 5

convection

Answer 6

0.46 J/kg˚C ## Footnote C = q / m∆T

Answer 7

297000 J ## Footnote Q = mc∆T

Answer 8

1. Friction 2. Conduction 3. Induction ## Footnote All these are caused by electrons moving.

Answer 9

charging by contact (conduction)

Answer 10

charging by induction

Answer 11

when positive charges at the ground attract negative charges at the bottom of a storm cloud

Answer 12

I = V / R ## Footnote I = electric current (amperes) V = voltage (volts) R = resistance (ohms)

Answer 13

* circuit * electric current * electricity * voltage * resistance

Answer 14

because it has a very high specific heat | **this means that it takes a lot of energy to raise 1kg of water 1˚C** ## Footnote Water can absorb a lot of heat without a big rise in temperature, which helps it carry heat away from the engine. Water is also easily accessible and low-cost for its usage.

Answer 15

1. You would want to make sure both materials had the same cross-sectional area, same starting temperature, same flow of electricity, and same length 2. The independent variable would be the type of material. 3. The dependent variable would be the amount of resistance each material displays. 4. The control group would be a group without either insulator.

Answer 16

B. The particles are close together but can move past each other.

Answer 17

B. The volume of the gas increases, and the speed of the particles increases.

Answer 18

D. condensation

Answer 19

A. The volume of the gas increases.

Answer 20

B. evaporation

Answer 21

C. condensation

Answer 22

* endothermic * melting * change of state * sublimation * evaporation * boiling * exothermic * condensation * freezing

Answer 23

B. viscosity

Answer 24

C. increases; decreases

Answer 25

C. Boyles Law

Answer 26

A. Air moves from high pressure (in the lungs) to low pressure (outside).

Answer 27

C. Archimedes Principle

Answer 28

A. move constantly

Answer 29

B. viscosity

Answer 30

B. expand (grow)

Answer 31

B. crystalline has an orderly pattern while amorphous has no special organization

Answer 32

the state of matter that has a definite shape and volume

Answer 33

1. Crystalline 2. Amorphous

Answer 34

Crystalline ## Footnote Crystalline solids have a very orderly, three-dimensional arrangement of particles.

Answer 35

* iron * diamond * ice

Answer 36

amorphous ## Footnote Amorphous solids are made of particles that do not have a special arrangement.

Answer 37

* glass * rubber * wax

Answer 38

the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume

Answer 39

the state of matter that has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container

Answer 40

1. Solids - vibrate 2. Liquids - flow 3. Gases - bounce

Answer 41

the change of state from a solid to a liquid

Answer 42

Heat of fusion (H_fus) ## Footnote The heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point. It represents the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces without changing the temperature. In short, **the melting point is a temperature, while the heat of fusion is an amount of energy required for the phase change**.

Answer 43

Q = m*Hfus* ## Footnote Q = heat energy (in joules) m = mass of the substance (in grams) *Hfus* = heat of fusion which is the amount of energy required to melt 1 gram of the substance

Answer 44

evaporation

Answer 45

the change of a liquid to a gas **throughout** the liquid

Answer 46

True ## Footnote At the liquid's surface, some particles have enough kinetic energy to escape attractive forces of the liquid.

Answer 47

* **Evaporation** - Occurs only at the surface of a liquid * **Boiling** - Occurs throughout the entire liquid * **Vaporization** - The overall term for both processes

Answer 48

False ## Footnote Boiling only occurs at temperatures at or above the boiling point.

Answer 49

Heat of vaporization (H_vap) ## Footnote The formula for vaporization is Q = mHvap

Answer 50

boiling point

Answer 51

False ## Footnote Atmospheric pressure is lower at higher elevations, meaning so is the boiling point of liquids.

Answer 52

the change of state from a gas to a liquid

Answer 53

Q = m*Hvap* ## Footnote H_vap is negative because condensation releases energy.

Answer 54

the change of state in which a solid changes directly into a gas ## Footnote Sublimation happens when molecules in a solid gain enough energy to break free from their attractions and become gas.

Answer 55

the change of state in which a gas changes directly into a solid ## Footnote Deposition is an exothermic change.

Answer 56

1. its temperature changes 2. its state changes ## Footnote The temperature of a substance does not change until a change of state is complete.

Answer 57

False ## Footnote Particles move faster and farther apart as the temperature rises. This separation of particles results in an expansion of the entire object, known as thermal expansion.

Answer 58

states that a buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Answer 59

the ability of a fluid--a liquid or a gas--to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it

Answer 60

because their shape makes their density less than the water ## Footnote A small steel ball sinks because it's dense and doesn't displace much water. A steel bowl floats because its spread out, displacing more water and creating a stronger buoyant force.

Answer 61

Pascal's Principle

Answer 62

pressure in = pressure out

Answer 63

force exerted per unit area ## Footnote P = F / A

Answer 64

Car breaks use a hydraulic braking system, which multiplies the force from your foot to stop the car ## Footnote When you press the brake pedal, it pushes a piston which is filled with brake fluid. The brake fluid moves through the brake lines to each wheel, transferring force. Because liquids can't be compressed, this allows a small force from your foot to be multiplied. The force is transmitted to the large pistons that push on the brake pads.

Answer 65

as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the fluid's pressure decreases ## Footnote Airplane wings are shaped with a curved top and a flatter bottom. When air moves over and under the wing, the curved top causes air to move **faster**, **lowering** the pressure. The flattter bottom causes air to move **slower**, creating **higher** pressure. In the end, **lift** is created, as higher pressure below pushes up while the lower pressure above pulls up.

Answer 66

it influences how much water an object displaces, which directly impacts the buoyant force acting on it ## Footnote The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. So, if an object pushes more water out of the way, it experiences a stronger upward force, making it more likely to float.

Answer 67

If you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure from the gas will increase ## Footnote And vice versa

Answer 68

initial pressure **x** initial volume = final pressure **x** final volume ## Footnote P_iV_i = P_fV_f

Answer 69

the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, as long as the pressure on the gas does not change

Answer 70

when hot-air balloons heat their air so they can rise higher ## Footnote In a hot air balloon, the burner heats the air inside the balloon, causing the air molecules to move faster and spread out, increasing the volume while decreasing its density. Since hot air is less dense than the cooler air outside the balloon, buyoant force lifts the balloon into the sky.

Answer 71

initial volume / initial temperature = final volume / final temperature

Answer 72

* **Airplane Wings (Lift Generation) -** Air moves faster over the curved top of the wing than underneath, creating lower pressure on top and higher pressure below, which lifts the plane. * **Shower Curtain Effect -** When water flows from a showerhead, it speeds up the air, lowering pressure and pulling the curtain inward. * **Roof Lifting in Storms -** Fast-moving wind over a roof lowers pressure, sometimes lifting it off if the pressure inside is higher. * **Vaccum Cleaner -** A vaccum cleaner creates a low-pressure area through the fan, which then draws in air and dirt from the higher-pressure outside environment, creating suction. ## Footnote These all demonstrate how fluid speed affects pressure.

Answer 73

235 L ## Footnote final volume: V_f initial pressure = 101 kPa initial volume = 100 L final pressure = 43 kPa set up the problem: P_iV_i = P_fV_f

Answer 74

Vaporization is ocurring as substance *X* is going through a change of state from liquid to gas.

Answer 75

Substance *X* is undergoing a change of state from a solid to a liquid; the energy being added is not used to increase the temperature but rather to break the bonds holding the solid particles together

Answer 76

the digaonal lines occur because energy is being added and used to increase the **kinetic** **energy** of the particles; the **flat** **lines** happen during a phase change, where energy is still being added but being used to **break** **molecular** **forces** rather than increase temperature, demonstrating the **law of conservation of energy**--energy is not lost, just transformed

Answer 77

C. a compound

Answer 78

B. the nail polish is the solute and the acetone is the solvent

Answer 79

B. compound

Answer 80

C. solvent

Answer 81

B. in a specific mass ratio

Answer 82

1. mixture 2. solution 3. solute 4. solvent 5. suspension

Answer 83

B. mixture

Answer 84

D. compounds

Answer 85

B. colloid

Answer 86

D. boiling point

Answer 87

C. create a new substance as it's observed

Answer 88

C. boiling point

Answer 89

C. new substances are formed

Answer 90

B. the mass of products equals mass of reactants

Answer 91

C. lemon juice

Answer 92

B. more acidic

Answer 93

1. Substance 2. Mixture

Answer 94

1. Element 2. Compound

Answer 95

* Element * Element * Mixture * Compound * Mixture ## Footnote The easiest way to differentiate between a substance (element, compound) or a mixture is: A substance has a fixed, uniform composition / formula and consistent properties. It's either an element (oxygen) or a compound (water). A mixture is made up of **two** or more substances physically combined. The composition can vary, there's no fixed ratio, it's easy to separate, and each part keeps its own properties. **Quick trick**: If it's chemically combined, it's a compound. If it's just blended, its a mixture. Air is a mixture because it is made up of several different gases that are physically combined, not chemically bonded. The main components of air (nitrogen, oxygen) keep their properties and can be physically separated through cooling and condensing.

Answer 96

the simplest kind of matter ## Footnote Cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element.

Answer 97

substances that can be broken down only by chemical methods

Answer 98

True ## Footnote H₂O is a completely different compound than its pieces: Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Answer 99

Substances

Answer 100

no ## Footnote They cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element.

Answer 101

a **mixture** can be separated by **physical** means, while a **compound** can only be separated by **chemical** methods

Answer 102

Elements have one or two letter **symbol**, while compounds have a **formula**.

Answer 103

2B ## Footnote An element's first letter is always capitalized. If there is a second letter, it is written lowercase.

Answer 104

a change that produces matter with a **different composition** than the original matter ## Footnote When Iron reacts with oxygen and water, a new substance, iron oxide (rust), is formed with different properties than iron.

Answer 105

1. Heterogeneous 2. Homogeneous

Answer 106

* heterogeneous * homogenous * mixture

Answer 107

a homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot be seen with a microscope and will never settle to the bottom of the container

Answer 108

a substance that is dissolved and a substance that does the dissolving

Answer 109

the substance that is dissolved

Answer 110

the substance that does the dissolving

Answer 111

how easily a solute dissolves in a solvent to make a solution

Answer 112

* Sugar * Water

Answer 113

by its apperance; can a beam of light pass through it?

Answer 114

a suspension

Answer 115

* Physical * Chemical * Physical * Chemical * Physical * Chemical

Answer 116

* Chemical change * Physical change

Answer 117

they're all physical changes

Answer 118

False ## Footnote **Breaking up a compound = chemical change** Because you're breaking chemical bonds between elements, this creates new substances (like separating water into hydrogen and oxygen--both are totally different from water).

Answer 119

* Physical * Physical * Chemical * Chemical * Physical ## Footnote Dissolving is a physical change because the substance stays the same--only its form or state changes. For example, when salt dissolves in water, it breaks into tiny particles and spreads out, but it's still salt. No new substance is formed.

Answer 120

they're all chemical changes

Answer 121

during any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants

Answer 122

a solution that has an excess of H+ ions ## Footnote It comes from the latin word acidus that means "sharp" or "sour".

Answer 123

if it obtains more H+ ions

Answer 124

* Taste sour * Conduct electricity * Corrosive * Reactive with metals * Turns blue litmus paper red

Answer 125

* Acetic Acid → Vinegar * Citric Acid → fruits * Ascorbic Acid → Vitamin C * Sulfuric Acid → fertilizer ## Footnote Acids are also used in car batteries to generate electricity.

Answer 126

a solution that has an excess of OH-ions

Answer 127

* Feel slippery * Taste bitter * Corrosive * Can conduct electricity * Do not react with metals * Turn red litmus paper blue ## Footnote Bases give soaps, ammonia (cleaning product), and many other cleaning products some of their useful properties. Chalk and oven cleaner are examples of familiar products that contain bases.

Answer 128

a basic solution

Answer 129

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

Answer 130

the lemon ## Footnote The lower the pH, the more acidic the substance.

Answer 131

True ## Footnote Pure water has a pH of 7.

Answer 132

False ## Footnote The first solution is ten times more acidic than the second.

Answer 133

neutralization

Answer 134

a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet

Answer 135

1. Homogeneous mixture (solution) 2. An element 3. Heterogeneous mixture 4. Compound 5. Homogeneous mixture

Answer 136

1. Colloid 2. Element 3. Suspension 4. Compound 5. Solution

Answer 137

* Beaker A: Solution * Beaker B: Compound * Beaker C: Suspension * Beaker D: Colloid

Answer 138

during a **chemical** change, such as **burning** a piece of paper, the mass of the **reactants** is equal to the mass of the **products**, therefore, the paper didn't disappear and was instead **converted** to other forms (carbon, oxygen, ash)

Final Exam Review Flashcards

(205 cards)