Final Exam Review Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
The ability of the auditory system to separate out the individual components of a complex sound is called
A
frequency selectivity
2
Q
The type of masking that takes place when the probe follows the masker is (masker precedes the probe)
A
forward masking (100 ms)
3
Q
The output in dB SPL of a 4000 Hz tone presented through a TDH 49/50 phone (reference of 10.5 dB SPL) presented at 50 dB HL will be what?
A
50 (dB HL presented) + 10.5 (reference) = 60.5 dB SPL
4
Q
A common way to characterize consonants is by what 3 categories?
A
voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation
5
Q
The classical method in which stimuli are presented in discrete steps in ascending and descending runs is the
A
methods of limits (this is what our up 5, down 10 is based from)
6
Q
The types of indirect scales are:
A
confusion scales or JND scales and paired comparisons
7
Q
A 1k Hz tone with a loudness level of 60 phons has a sound pressure level of what?
A
60 dBSPL
8
Q
For a normal listener, the DLF for 4000 Hz at a comfortable listening level is approximately what?
A
NL, the DLF is .2% (.002) or .3% x 4000 = 8-12 Hz
-the bigger the frequency the bigger the DLF will be
9
Q
Two clinical measures of temporal processing are
A
random gap detection test or adaptive clinical test of temporal resolution (ATTR) or Gaps-in-Noise (GIN) test
10
Q
The work of Stevens found that increasing intensity had what effect on pitch?
A
the pitch of low frequency tones decreases, but the pitch of high frequency tones increase
11
Q
Two non-sensory variables that affect detection are
A
probability of stimulus occurrence and response consequences
12
Q
What influences theses non-sensory factors?
A
response bias (wanna see change in sensitivity not the criteria)
13
Q
The loudness scaling method in which signals are presented at different intensity levels and subjects are asked to judge their perceived loudness on a scale from not heard to extremely or uncomfortably loud is known as what?
A
categorical loudness scaling (they are grouped based on categories)
14
Q
The attribute of auditory sensation by which a listener judges that two sounds of the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar is
A
Timbre
15
Q
In a freely vibrating system with a natural frequency of 1000 Hz, increasing stiffness 4x would
A
increase frequency to 2000 Hz
(Stiffness is the square root of 2 (√); therefore, √(4)= 2 x 1000 = 2000Hz)
16
Q
Errors of habituation will have what effects on thresholds?
A
thresholds will be falsely increased on ascending runs and decreased on descending runs
17
Q
The listener uses a filter which is not directly center on the signal, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in the filter (improves SNR by shifting)
A
off-frequency or off-place listening
18
Q
When a masker coincides in time with a maskee, the type of masking that takes place is called
A
simultaneous masking
19
Q
the decline of the sensory receptor’s response to a steady stimulus over time is
A
auditory adaptation
20
Q
Power spectrum masking model works in many situations, does not work in other, some appears listeners make comparisons across filters, helping us detect sound in noisy backgrounds
A
comodulation masking release (Hall study)
21
Q
The percept of a group of successive or simultaneous sound elements as coming from a single source is
A
sound streaming
22
Q
The vocal tract resonances are called what?
A
Formants
23
Q
What determines formant resonances?
A
The first formant frequency (F1) is most affected by mouth opening, F2 is most affected by the size of the oral cavity, and F3 is most affected by front versus back constriction
24
Q
Sound presented to listener in sound-treated or anechoic chamber with listener 1m at 0 degrees azimuth from speaker; measure is made after listener leaves, with microphone placed at center of head. Slightly better sensitivity bc there is a 3 dB for using both ears.
A
Minimum audible field (MAF)
25
Measurement made using probe mic in EAM (close to TM) or coupler; sound usually delivered via earphone
Minimum audible Pressure (MAP/MAP-C)
26
At what intensity level elicits a tactile sensation? What is this known as?
about 130 dB SPL. Threshold of feelings
27
At what intensity level elicits a pain sensation? What is this known as?
about 140 dB SPL. Terminal Threshold
28
The ability to sum information over time to enhance detection is called what?
temporal integration or summation
29
Over a wide range of frequencies and intensities, the smallest detectable change in intensity is about how much?
.5 to 1 dB
30
The measure of the tuning of a filter is known as ____ which stands for ____.
the Q factor (reciprocal of relative bandwidth- CF/BW).... quality
31
How is the DL determined in the method of limits?
the DL is 1/2 of the interval of uncertainty ( region between the mean UL and mean LL)
32
Describe the loudness of complex sounds
if the component frequencies of a sound are in one auditory filter bandwidth, loudness comes from the sum of the individual intensities, but if the frequencies of the components exceed 1 CB, the loudness is the sum of the loudness of the individual components
33
As duration decreases below about 200-300ms, what happens to detectability?
for detection to occur, power must be increased by about 10dB for each 10-fold decrease in time
34
When the duration decreases 2 times, what is needed?
an increase of 3dB.
35
What two possible explanations for when tone duration decrease below 200-300ms?
temporal integration of power and integration of neural activity
36
The ability to detect very small (1-2 dB) changes in the shape/relative level of the spectrum of a signal is known as
profile analysis
37
A 250 Hz tone with a loudness level equal to a 1000 Hz at 40 dB SPL has a loudness level of what?
40 phons (again with loudness equals the reference value, at 1000 Hz)
38
The classical method in which 5 ro 10 stimuli of different levels are repeatedly presented in random order is the
method of constant stimuli
39
A rapid sequence of sounds perceived as if they are from different sources is called what?
fission or stream segregation
40
What is the dB IL value of a sound with an acoustic intensity of 2x10^-6 w/m^2?
10LOG (2x10^-6 / 10^-12) = 63 dB IL
41
What is the dB SPL value of a sound with a sound pressure of 2x10^-3 w/m^2?
20LOG (2x10^-3 / 2x10^-5) = 40 dB SPL
42
What is the dB SPL value of a sound with a sound pressure of 200 uPa?
20LOG (200 uPa/ 20 uPa) = 20 dB SPL
43
The term describing our ability to locate a sound source in a reverberant field based on the arrival of the first sound is known as what?
precedence (or the HAAS Effect)
44
The relative measure of the bandwidth of a filter is expressed as
BW/CF
45
For pure tones, the largest MLD effects are found under what conditions?
low frequencies (250-500Hz) in the NoSΠ and NΠSo conditions
46
Describe Flether's Hypothesis
(1) when masking a tone by a braod band noise, only a narrow band of that noise (frequencies surrounding the tone) contributes to the masking
(2) when the noise is just masks the tone, the power of the noise in the band is equal to the power in the tone
47
For normal hearers, the gap detection threshold for noises is what?
about 2-3 MS
48
According to the two major theories of pitch perception pitch depends on what?
peripheral excitation patterns in a particular place and the neural synchrony (timing)
49
The process of connecting together over time the changing frequencies of one source is called
sequential grouping
50
In TSD, the relationship between the probability of "yes" when the stimulus is present and the probability of "yes" when the stimulus is absent is plotted on a chart called
a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (hit and FA are charted)
51
In TSD, the relationship between the probability of "yes" when the stimulus is present is called
a hit
52
In TSD, the relationship between the probability of "yes" when the stimulus is absent is called
false alarm
53
In TSD, the relationship between the probability of "No" when the stimulus is present is called
a miss
54
In TSD, the relationship between the probability of "No" when the stimulus is absent is called
correct rejection
55
Describe how a subject would use magnitude production to judge loudness
the level of the variable sound would be adjusted to achieve a proportion of the standard (e.g. 1/2 or 4 times)
56
The four types of number scales are:
nominal- simple naming
ordinal- rank ordering
interval- ranking with specific interval
ratio- interval scale plus zero point
57
Two popular methods of measuring frequency discrimination are what?
difference limen for frequency (DLF) and FM detection limen (FMDL)
58
The most useful cue for localizing pure tones of low frequency is what
interaural time difference
59
Describe the ERB of a filter
Equivalent rectangular bandwidth is equivalent to the BW of a perfect rectangular filter with the same passband and transmitting the same power of white noise
60
What do we call the direction-dependent filter created by the head and pinnae?
the "head-related transfer function" (HRTF)
61
Define absolute threshold
measure of the sensitivity of a system; since responses are not fixed threshold is a statistical value
62
According to Moore, what is a cochlear "Dead region"?
an area of the cochlea in which the IHC or nerve fibers are not functioning
63
What happens to the shape of the auditory filter with increasing level?
the filter gets broader, particularly on the low-freq side
64
Benefits of binaural hearing
(1) slightly improved sensitivity and loudness summation
(2) improved ability to localize sounds in space
(3) improved detection and recognition in noise
65
A waveform has a period of 10 msec. What is its fundamental frequency?
F=1/T = 1/.010 = 100Hz
66
To convert msec to sec, divided by
1000
67
Describe the possible effects of SNHL on psychoacoustic abilities
reduced threshold sensitivity
loudness recruitment
pathological adaptations
poorer freq resolution
more subject to masking
poorer temporal resolution (in some cases)
68
The 2 factors which make the Method of Adjustment different from the other classical methods are:
the stimuli are continuously variable and the stimuli are controlled by the subject
69
How can time and space errors be minimized or eliminated
counterbalance the presentation of the standard stimulus and the comparison stimulus
70
the shape of the auditory filter is
rounded on top with sloping edges
71
Temporal masking is also known as what? When the maskee precedes the masker, the term used is what?
non-simultaneous masking and Backward masking
72
The decline of the sensory receptor's response to a steady stimulus over time is known as what?
auditory adaptation
73
Describe how a psychophysical tuning function is derived
a low-level, fixed intensity tone is masked with a variable intensity tone or NBN. The graph of the level of the masker needed to just mask the signal is the PTC
74
What is the half octave above 500 Hz?
2^1/2 x 500 = 707 Hz
75
The determination of the location of a sound source within the head when an individual listens under headphones is called
lateralization
76
In the method of constants, the difference limen is defined as
the PSE to .75 (upper) and the PSE to .25 (lower); sometimes only the upper DL is used
77
Even without the lower harmonics, the pitch of a complex will be matched to the missing fundamental
virtual pitch
78
Describe how loudness increases with duration (less than 200 ms)
generally, loudness increases with duration up to 200-300ms
79
The task of detecting a space in a broadband noise is a simple measure of temporal resolution known as what?
gap detection
80
What is time error?
a biasing effect caused by memory when stimuli are present at two different times
81
The scaling method in which subjects assign numbers to stimuli to match their subjective magnitude is
magnitude estimation (asking to estimate)
82
The scaling method in which subjects adjust the magnitude of a stimulus to match a fraction of the magnitude of the standard
magnitude production (asking to do)
83
On a ROC curve, what is on the x-axis and what is on the y-axis?
x-axis= proportion of false alarms
y-axis= proportion of hits
84
For what 3 major characteristics of acoustic signal must a theory of speech perception account?
the lack of invariance in the acoustic signal, the nonsegmentability of the signal, and the rapid rate of transmission of the signal
85
A 10-fold increase in sound pressure will result in an increase of how many dB SPL?
a 20 dB SPL increase
(10-fold x 2 increase)
86
Compare the growth of loudness in the low-freqs to that of the mid-high freqs
lower freqs grow in loudness faster than the higher freqs do
87
Describe the "cone of confusion"
the cone-shaped space around the ear on which any source on the surface produces the same interaural time difference
88
An advantage of TSD over the classical methods is its ability to
separate the effects of sensitivity from those of response bias
89
What is a difference threshold
measure of an individual's ability to detect changes in a stimulus
90
Noise power density is
Energy per unit in a 1 Hz wide band of noise; also called the spectrum level (when reference is dB IL)
Formula: Noise power/spectrum level (NP/SL)
91
What doe the studies of age effects on duration discrimination show?
(1) these studies indicate that duration discrimination improves (DL gets smaller) as children age
(2) duration discrimination gets poorer (DL gets larger) in elderly subjects
92
If stimulus intensity and probability are maintained, and the payoff for correct detection is high, what happens to the and false alarm rates?
the subject will say "yes" frequently, and both the hit and FA will increase
93
What is meant by the term binaural interference?
speech recognition in the binaural condition is poorer than the unilateral (better ear) performance
94
The plane in which all points are equidistant from the two ears is the
median plane
95
By convention, the cut-off freq of a filter is defined as
the half-power or 3 dB down point
96
Time required for a sound to decrease by 60 dB from its original level after the source stops
reverberation time
97
What term is used for the perception of two tones of similar freq (i.e., separated by a few Hz) and identical intensity sounded simultaneously?
best beats
(in this situation, the freq that will be heard is the average of the 2 freq and the beat rate is the difference between the tow)
98
In the methods of limits, the tendency to anticipate a change in stimulus detectability before it occurs is called
error of expectation
99
The ability to process stimuli in their order of occurrence is known as
temporal sequencing or order
100
Post-stimulatory auditory fatigue is also known as what?
temporal threshold shift (TTS)
101
Briefly explain the resonance of the vocal tract
vocal tract is a tube which is closed at one end and open at the other. This tube is a 1/4 wave resonator. Resonances will change with changes in articulator placement
102
Sounds in the horizontal plane have what elevation?
0 degree
103
The region between the minimum audibility curve and the threshold of feeling is called?
the auditory response area of dynamic range of hearing
104
Pathological adaptation is known clinically as
tone decay
105
Explain temporal integration and loudness summation
thresholds (loudness perception) improve as duration increases up to about 200-300ms (critical duration)
106
The term "phonemic restoration" refers to what?
a listener's perception of a missing speech sound when part of the speech signal was removed and replace by a nonspeech sound
107
In the methods of limits, the tendency to repeat the same response is an error known as
error of habituation
108
What is space error?
is a biasing effect to one side when stimuli are presented on two sides
109
What are the 5 stages of Moore's model of pitch perception?
(1) bank of bandpass filters
(2) neural transduction
(3) analysis of spike intervals
(4) comparison of time intervals present across channels (to look for commonalities)
(5) decisions mechanism picks the most prominent interval
110
What is the LCP for white noise (BW of 10k Hz) with an overall level of 100 dB SPL?
LPC = OAL - 10 log BW
LPC = 100 - 10 log 10,000
LPC = 60 dB
111
What is the overall intensity level formula?
OAL = LPC + 10 log BW
112
Given a natural frequency of 1000 Hz, increasing the mass 4x would result in a frequency of
500 Hz
113
Signal Detection theory (SDT) attempts to separate out
sensitivity and response bias
114
As the separation between the N and SN distributions increases, the ROC curve
rapidly rises
115
If testing conditions remain constant, an individual with a .95 hit rate and an .85 false alarm rate has a
low (liberal) criterion
116
If testing conditions remain constant, an individual with a .30 hit rate and an .10 false alarm rate has a
conservative (high) strict criterion
117
In a given test situation, if the payoff for correct rejections is high, the false alarm rate will ____ and the miss rate will _____
decrease, increase
118
In signal detection theory, a negative C value indicates a
low criterion
119
Several commonly used signal detection procedures used in psychoacoustic studies are
forced choice, same-difference, yes-no, confidence rating, adaptive methods
120
Lower freq limit of audibility is generally _____, while the upper freq limit is generally ______; responses to frequencies below the defined lower limit and above the defined upper limit are typically ________
20 hz, 20,000 hz; tactile response
121
Human hearing is most sensitive in the freq region between ____ due to transmission characteristics of ME and IE features
2k and 5k hz
122
Draw the weber faction
triangle beta divided by beta
123
Each point on the basilar membrane is a bandpass filter that has a particular
center freq, bandwidth, and roll-off
124
CF of 1000 hz, Bw of 200 Hz
BW/CF = 200/1000 = .2 relative BW
CF/BW = 1000/200 = 5 Q factor
125
The width of the critical band varies from ______ in the low freq to about _____ in the high freq
less than 100; 1/3 octave
126
When intensity increases the shape of the auditory filter
widens on the low freq side
127
What test can be used to test for cochlear dead regions
threshold equalizing noise (TEN)
128
What methods have been used to determine the shape of the auditory filter
psychophysical threshold function, noise notched curve
129
The articulation index (speech intelligibility index) is a means to express
how much speech info is available to them
130
Ability to process stimuli in the order of occurrence
Temporal Sequencing/Ordering
131
Ability to detect changes in stimuli over time—a brief gap between stimuli or a modulation in the stimulus (gap detection)
Temporal Resolution
132
Ability to sum information over time to enhance detection
Temporal Integration/Summation
133
Two parts of temporal processing
Fine Structure – Rapid pressure variations in sound
Envelope – Slow changes in amplitude
134
Physical entity which gives rise to sound pressure waves
Sound source
135
Percept of a group of successive/simultaneous sound elements (similar in pitch, loudness, timbre, time, or location) as a whole (coming from a single source)
Sound stream
136
Quasi-periodic sound produced at glottis and resonated through vocal tract or aperiodic sound air passes through partly adducted folds
vocal folds
137
Aperiodic sounds are generated as air passes through a narrow constriction or is momentarily stopped are released; periodic
vocal tract
138
Vowels
/i/ = high, front vowel, low F1, relatively high F2, F3
/u/ = high, back (rounded) vowel, low F1 & 2, moderate F3
/a/ = low back, high F1, relatively low F2, and rel high F#
139
Analyze the spectrum of complex sounds that change over time. Time is displayed on the abscissa and freq on the ordinate, with intensity represented as the darkness of the display
sound spectrograms
140
Wideband spectrograms typically use a filter BW between
300 and 500 Hz (show formant structure) /bead, bid, bawd/
141
Narrowband spectrograms use a filter BW between
30 and 50 hz (show harmonic structure)
142
Manner of consonants
semivowels (glides/liquids), nasal, fricatives, stops, affricates
143
Consonant place
bilabial (m,p,b), interdental (beta,backwards 6), alveolar (n,t,d,s,z,r), palatal/post-alveolar (y), glottal (h), labiodental (f,v), velar (k,g,ing)
144
Is speech special
speech is too fast, cannot be segmented, few to none invariant acoustic cues to phonemes
145
held that a listener analyzed speech by comparing it to an auditory model of his/her own production.
analysis-by-synthesis theory
146
holds that speech sounds are encoded in the acoustic signal, although this has been revised in a recent reconsideration of the theory
motor theory of speech perception
147
Motor theory of speech perception accounts for
lack of invariance in acoustic signal, nonsegmentability of acoustic signal, rapid/efficient transmission of info
148
different acoustic events signal the same phoneme as well as same acoustic event signals different phoneme
lack of invariance
149
co-articulation causes the acoustic features of speech to occur in more than one place in the signal-redundancy of cues, multiple overlapping, and becomes difficult/impossible to segment the acoustic stream into phonemes
nonsegmentaibility
150
Motor theory original link between
production and perceptions
151
through upper ear canal entrances and lower eye sockets; have a0 degree elevation
horizontal plane
152
plane at right angles to horizontal through ear canal entrances
frontal plane
153
accounts for pure tones, but is not entirely accurate for complex sounds
duplex theory
154
Higher frequency = ____ wavelength
shorter
155
What frequency diffracts around the head
long wavelengths; 500 Hz
156
At 45 degrees what happens to intensity
time difference occurs, intensity higher depending on which side the sound source is closest to
157
environmental sounds reach the two ears at different times and intensities, and with different spectra, yet we perceive a signal sound image
binaural fusion
158
What plane does the human ear perform best in locating sounds
horizontal plane (azimuth), vertical plane (elevation); determination of distance is poor
