Final Exam Review

Question 1

Antimycotics

Answer 1

Treats infection caused by fungus

Question 2

Laxatives

Answer 2

Treatment of constipation; increases bowel movement

Question 3

Antihistamines

Answer 3

Upper respiratory infection or rhinovirus (common cold); compete with histamine for receptor sites and prevent excess secretion with drying effect

Question 4

Antacids

Answer 4

Neutralize gastric acid; increase pH, relieve heartburn, and gastric pain; Ex: aluminum, magnesium, calcium

Question 5

Antineoplastics

Answer 5

Fight neoplasm/cancer, disrupt cell function/division at different points

Question 6

Cholinergics

Answer 6

Rest and digest; mimic PNS; block acetylcholinease

Question 7

Adrenergics

Answer 7

Stimulate the SNS and its functions

Question 8

Antitussives

Answer 8

Suppress coughing; treat persistent/exhausting cough that interrupts ADLs or sleep

Question 9

Antiarrhythmias

Answer 9

Treat heart disease with potential for abnormal beats; decrease automaticity, reentry phenomena, and conduction

Question 10

Hypnotics

Answer 10

Produce sleep/unawareness; CNS depressant; given in high doses

Question 11

Thyroid agents

Answer 11

Control metabolism; increase metabolism

Question 12

Analgesics

Answer 12

Relieve pain without loss of consciousness; 3 types (opioids, non-opioids, narcotics)

Question 13

Tocolytics

Answer 13

Uterine relaxants; stop preterm labor (20-30 weeks gestation)

Question 14

Anticoagulants

Answer 14

Oppose acetylcholine at receptor sites in brain

Question 15

NSAIDs

Answer 15

Anti-inflammatory drug; inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by blocking Cox 1 & 2

Question 16

Antipyretics

Answer 16

Reduce fever temperature

Question 17

Diuretics

Answer 17

Increase urine formation, decrease sodium and water retention; first line of treatment for CHF

Question 18

MAO inhibitors

Answer 18

Inhibit monoamine oxidase; prevent breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin to treat major depression

Question 19

Antihypertensives

Answer 19

Lower BP (hypertension)

Question 20

Antiepileptics

Answer 20

Control/prevent seizures; manage tonic-clonic seizures

Question 21

Antianginal agents

Answer 21

Prevent/treat angina; reduce myocardial O2 demand

Question 22

Psychotherapeutics

Answer 22

Treatment of mental/emotional disorders

Question 23

Lipid lowering agents

Answer 23

Decrease high blood levels of lipids; prevent atherosclerotic plaque

Question 24

Antibiotics

Answer 24

Anti-infectives that act on foreign organisms that have infected/invaded the host; selective toxicity

Question 25

Positive inotropic agents

Answer 25

Increase force of contraction; used as an adjunct with ACE, ARBs, and BB to treat a failing heart

Question 26

Nursing Assessments for Narcotics

Answer 26

1. pain scale (0-10) 2. VS before administration 3. monitor I & O (d/t urine retention) 4. Hold if RR <12 breaths/min 5. May need an order for anti-emetics

Question 27

Treatment of narcotic overdose

Answer 27

1. opioid overdose triad--coma, respiratory depression, dialted pupils 2. give Narcan

Question 28

Patient Teaching: Synthroid

Answer 28

1. VS increase as BMR increases 2. weight loss 3. increased energy 4. S/Sx of hypothyroidism disappear 5. Life-long replacement 6. PO every morning (6 AM) diurinal effect 7. OK with pregnancy 8. do NOT give during lactation

Question 29

Nursing Assessment: Synthroid

Answer 29

1. Monitor cardiac effects 2. Periodic blood tests--measure thyroid function (T3 & T4) & TSH 3. Take early in AM on empty stomach 4. Avoid antacids, iron, calcium products for up to 2-4 hours after taking Synthroid 5. Watch dosage forms --> mg vs. mcg

Question 30

Patient Teaching: Thrombolytic Drugs

Answer 30

1. Contraindicated: anyone with active internal bleeding, CVA (past 2 months), intracranial or spinal surgery, uncontrolled severe HTN 2. Goal: restore blood flow to the heart delay --> necrosis/infarction 3. No ASA 4. Avoid punctures for 24 hours

Question 31

Nursing Assessment: Thrombolytic Drugs

Answer 31

1. Monitor closely for bleeding--check coagulation blood work before and 4 hours after administration (will dissolve any and all clots) 2. Antidote for severe bleed--Amicar 3. Given IVP 4. Assess for chest pain improvement--when chest pain diminishes it can be a sign of reperfusion of the coronary arteries; may see dysrhythmias d/t reperfusion. 5. Major concern: cerebral edema--assess LOC and neuro checks frequently

Question 32

Side Effects of Thrombolytic Drugs

Answer 32

hemorrhage and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 33

Side Effects of Antihistamines

Answer 33

1. Major SE is sleep 2. Dry mouth, urine retention, and constipation 3. blurred vision, vertigo

Question 34

Patient Teaching: Antihistamines

Answer 34

1. Avoid driving or operating heavy equipment d/t sedation effect. 2. Never given to a patient with hx of asthma 3. Do not use alcohol or other CNS depressants while on these drugs

Question 35

Purpose of Cardiotonics (Positive Inotropic)

Answer 35

1. Increase the force of contraction. This will increase the ejection fraction (increase stroke volume & increase cardiac output). 2. Slow the heart rate by decreasing electrical conduction. It prolongs the refractory period. Cardiac muscle is resting: Na+ and K+ cells are readjusting. SA node is unresponsive to an electrical signal. 3. Slow the electrical impulse conduction through the SA node. Works in the atria.

Question 36

Side Effects of Cardiotonics

Answer 36

cardiac and neurologic

Question 37

Nursing Assessment: Cardiotonics

Answer 37

1. HR (hold if 120 beats per minute) | 2. Monitor I&O

Question 38

Nursing Evaluation: Cardiotonics

Answer 38

1. Normal CO 2. Increased urine output 3. decrease edema/fatigue/dyspnea 4. clear lungs

Question 39

Therapeutic Uses: Bronchodilators

Answer 39

COPD, asthma, and airway obstruction

Question 40

Side Effects of Beta-Agonists

Answer 40

1. anxiety 2. restlessness/insomnia 3. palpitations/HTN/hypotension

Question 41

Nursing Assessment: Beta-Agonists

Answer 41

1. Assess respiratory status | 2. Monitor cardiac status

Question 42

Patient Teaching: Beta-Agonists

Answer 42

Inhaled forms need to be administered after the patient has exhaled. As they inhale deeply to the count of 5 with head tipped backward to produce maximal opening of the airway. They should hold their breath for 10 seconds and then exhale. Wait 1-2 minutes between puffs (of the same drug).

Question 43

Side Effects of Anticholinergics

Answer 43

dry mouth and headache

Question 44

Patient Teaching: Anticholinergics

Answer 44

Don't give if allergic to peanuts, legumes, soy-beans

Question 45

Side Effects of Xanthine Derivatives

Answer 45

1. CNS stimulation--tremors, nervousness, insomnia 2. Cardiac--tachycardia, angina, HTN, palpitations 3. GI--1st sign of toxicity is N/V and anorexia

Question 46

Patient Teaching: Xanthine Derivatives

Answer 46

1. Be compliant 2. Do not chew or alter dosage form 3. Take with food to avoid GI affect 4. Avoid smoking--increases metabolism of these drugs 5. Food interactions--charcoal grilling, increased protein, decreased carbohydrate diet to reduce serum concentration of Xanthine drugs 6. Avoid foods or beverages that contain caffeine

Question 47

Side Effects of Coumadin

Answer 47

1. Mild to severe bleeding | 2. Hemorrhage--more of a problem with oral anticoagulants than the injectable drugs

Question 48

Patient Teaching: Coumadin

Answer 48

1. Contraindications--pregnancy, hemorrhage disorders (hemophilia), recent CNS surgery, current bleeding--GI and GU, hx of CVA, never give with ASA, alcohol, or Pepto Bismol 2. avoid green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, fish, liver, cheese, eggs, red meat, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, asparagus, onions, and green tea. 3. Avoid medications containing aspirin. 4. Avoid activities with a high injury risk. 5. Wear medical-alert jewelry 6. Temporary alopecia may occur 7. Bleeding precautions--soft toothbrush, electric razor, avoid flossing, provide prolonged pressure at needle or catheter site 8. Don't smoke 9. Green tea, ginkgo, ginger, and chamomile increase bleeding risk.

Question 49

Administration of Coumadin

Answer 49

1. Typical dose is 5 mg/day 2. Prophylaxis & treatment of venous clots (thrombosis), prosthetic heart valve, atrial fibrillation 3. Steady state occurs within 72 hours

Question 50

Nursing Assessment: Coumadin

Answer 50

1. Monitor INR--2-3.5 is considered therapeutic (w/o drug therapy INR is 1) 2. Monitor closely for signs of hemorrhage--hematuria, epistaxis, ecchymosis, tarry stools, bleeding gums 3. If bleeding occurs, give the antidote for hemorrhage--Vitamin K. 4. Assess pt for thrombophlebitis (blood clot in vessel that is inflamed) --> calf pain on dorsiflexion (Positive Homan's Sign), tenderness, and redness 5. Call physician STAT for signs of pulmonary emboli (blood clot to lung)--shortness of breath, chest pain and tachypnea

Question 51

Purpose of Iron Drugs

Answer 51

Prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia

Question 52

Drug Interactions of Iron Drugs

Answer 52

1. Antibiotics and antacids decrease the absorption of iron | 2. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) increases the absorption of iron

Question 53

Side Effects of Iron Drugs

Answer 53

1. GI upset--anorexia, N/V, constipation 2. Dark, tarry stools (sticky) green or black color 3. Potential for staining teeth and skin with administration 4. Iron poisoning in children--vomiting, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis, gastric/intestinal pain 5. pain/soreness if given IM

Question 54

Nursing Assessment: Iron drugs

Answer 54

1. Identify S/Sx of anemia--fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, glossitis and pallor 2. Monitor serum iron levels with CBC for evaluation of effect

Question 55

Administration of Iron drugs

Answer 55

1. Don't take with coffee, tea, eggs, and milk 2. Give between meals 3. Use a straw for liquid route 4. To prevent constipation, increase fluids --> drink 2 L/day 5. Avoid the supine position for 30 minutes after swallowing to avoid esophageal erosion 6. Take with Vitamin C to increase absorption

Question 56

Side Effects of Epogen

Answer 56

increased BP, seizures, antibodies to Epogen, blood clots