Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
PISAM
A
P - Particles I - Identical S - Spaces A - Attractive Forces M - Always Moving
2
Q
Physical Property
A
Shape or form of the substance like density, hardness or melting point
3
Q
Chemical Property
A
How it reacts with other chemical like flammable or acidic
4
Q
Physical Change
A
Change in shape or form like melting or crushing crystals
5
Q
Chemical Change
A
Change in the chemical, new substance produced like burning paper.
6
Q
Characteristic Property
A
A property that is unique to a substance, an example is Melting and Boiling Point - An example is H2O - 0°C and 100°C. Nothing else has those numbers.
7
Q
Qualitative observation
A
Description of qualities like colour, odour or texture
8
Q
Quantitative observation
A
Description using numbers like temperature, time, or mass.
9
Q
Interpretation
A
A conclusion based on the observations of properties.
10
Q
Atom
A
A single particle of an element like one atom of oxygen
11
Q
Molecule
A
Two or more atoms bonded together like H2O, Na3PO4, a single particle of a compound
12
Q
Ionic Bond
A
Bond of attraction holding + ions and - ions together like Na+ + Cl- = NaCl formed from strong metals (groups 1,2) with strong non-metals (groups 6,7)
13
Q
Covalent bond
A
Bond formed by two atoms sharing electrons - usually 3 non-metals
14
Q
Groups on the Periodic Table
A
Vertical Columns; Elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.
15
Q
Periods on the Periodic Table
A
Horizontal rows, each row represents an energy level.
16
Q
Law of Conservation of mass
A
Matter cannot be created or destroyed - just re-arranged in chemical reactions - mass of reactions always equals mass of products
17
Q
GLINCH
A
How you know a reaction is chemical rather than physical G - gas produced L - light I - irreversible N - new substance C - colour change H - heat released or adsorbed
18
Q
Explain why you feel cooler when you sweat on a hot day
A
The sweat evaporating from you skin requires heat for the water bonds to break. This heat comes from you skin so you lose heat and cool down.
19
Q
Explain why Kool-aid dissolves faster when stirred
A
To dissolve the Kool-aid crystals, the bonds between the m need to be broken. This happens from the normal movement of the water molecules bit will happen faster if you stir the wear so the particles have more speed and can break Kool-aid bonds.
20
Q
Explain why the volume of the Kool-aid and the water is more than the volume when they are mixed
A
The volume of the Kool-aid and the water is more than the volume when they are mixed. There are spaces between the particles of water and Kool-aid. When mixed, the particles of Kool-aid can fit in the spaces between the particles of water, so less spaces is required.
21
Q
Explain why the temperature of boiling water is constant even though you continue to heat it.
A
The temperature of boiling water is constant even though you continue heating it - the energy put into the water is used to break the bonds and separate the water particles so they evaporate. This takes so much energy that there is no energy available to raise the temperature until all the water has changed state.
22
Q
The most active metal
A
Francium
23
Q
The most active non-metal
A
Florine
24
Q
The group two element with 4 layers
A
Calcium
25
The only two elementals that could break apart ozone (O3)
F and Cl
26
The smallest metalloids
B and Si
27
Elements similar to C but less active
Si
28
Elements that are like Ca but smaller
Be and Mg
29
Elements that never react
He, Ne, Arm Kr, Xe, Rn
30
An element that could be in Gr 1 OR Gr 7
H
31
An element that can be either +4 or -4
C and Si
32
Least active -2 ion
Be
33
A non-metal that conducts
B and Si
34
Describe a simple test (using a burning wooden splint) for the gas given off in a chemical reaction. Describe the positive test result for oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Put a wooden splint which has been lit on fire into the top of a test tube containing the gas. If the flame goes out, the gas is CO. If the flame explodes with a "pop", the gas is H2, To test for O2, blow the flame out so the split is just glowing and it will burst into flames.
35
For a chemical reaction occurring between barium and silicon answer the following question. Write the formula and name of the resulting compound
Ba + Si -> Name will be Barium silicide. Formula will be Ba2Si
36
For a chemical reaction occurring between barium and silicon answer the following question. Determine if the compound will be ionic or covalent
Compound will be ionic because it is metal and non-metal
37
For a chemical reaction occurring between barium and silicon answer the following question. If 12 grams of carbon was burned in 32 grams of oxygen, what product would be formed and how many grams of it would be made?
C + 02 = CO2 12 grams + 32 grams = 44 grams formed.
38
Biome
An area with characteristic plants, animals, and climate, example desert, tundra, rainforest.
39
Ecosystem
A group of animals, plants, decomposers and their environment - example: a pond ecosystem
40
Population
A group of organisms of only one specie (type) - humans in a village
41
Abiotic factor
A non-living component of the ecosystem - example: rocks, water, or air
42
Food chain
A path of energy through an ecosystem example: Grass -> Deer -> Wolf
43
Niche
Ecological role in food chain - example: Producer, consumer, scavenger
44
Producer
An organism that produces food from sunlight - example: Maple tree
45
Trophic Level
Feeding level in the food chain - producers are 1st level, herbivores are 2nd level
46
Omnivore
Something that eats both plants and animals - black bear
47
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down dead bodies turning them into nutrients - example fungus or mold.
48
Bioaccumulation
The increased concentration of a chemical as you go up a food chain - insects may have 0.001 grams of poison, eagles will have 0.1 grams of poison (also biological magnification)
49
Pyramids
Bar graphs representing the energy available or the mass of organisms (biomass) at each trophic level in an ecosystem - 10 000 000 kg of grass, 50 000 kg of bison, 500 kg of wolves
50
Open population
A population in an ecosystem that is open to immigration and emigration - a forest where birds can move in and out at will
51
Natality
Birth rate - number of births per year - usually increases when there is lots of food in a low population
52
Mutualism
Two organisms living together where they both benefit - lichen = algae and fungus
53
Predation
Hunting relationship - wolves are predators, deer are prey
54
Succession
Gradual change of an ecosystem to a climax community - bare rock taken over by lichen, then moss, then grass and shrubs and eventually trees.
55
Ecological footprint
The ecological resources used by a person to survive - the land and energy used to live, to grow food, to do work and to dispose of wastes.
56
Nutrient cycles
The paths of chemicals as they get used and recycled in nature - carbon, nitrogen, and water are all recycled.
57
Explain why the population of predators is always lower than the population of prey.
The populations of predators is dependant on the population of prey in any ecosystem. The predators eat the prey for food. If they eat too many prey, the prey population will drop and the predators will start to die off from lack of food. If they prey experience a population surge, there will be more food for the predators so more of them will survive and their populations will also increase.
58
Explain why soil is a biotic factor
Soil is biotic factor because decomposers break down dead bodies and put nutrients into the sand to turn it into soil. So it contains organic materials that were once alive.
59
Explain why any population of predators is always lower than the population of prey
Populations fluctuate because when conditions are good they multiply, but when they overpopulate, predators, starvation and disease cut the population back down again and this cycle endlessly repeats.
60
Explain why poisons build up in the bodies of animals as you go up the food chain.
Poisons are taken in by plants are stored in the plant body. Since 90% of the energy is lost at each trophic level, herbivores must eat much more plant material than their own biomass, so they get more poison than was in an individual plant. This occurs again going from herbivores to carnivores so the poison concentrates as you go up the food chain.
61
Explain why scavengers and decomposers are important in ecosystems
Scavenger and decomposers break down dead bodies of organisms and put the nutrients back into the soil. This gets rid of dead bodies which may breed disease and also puts nutrients back into the soil so the plants don't die from lack of nutrients - since matter cannot be created - it has to be recycled.
62
Explain why removing one part of a food web affects all of the other parts
Removing one pad of a food web removes a food source for some species so it increases competition and this some species may die out. It also may remove a predator so some species may overpopulate and use up all of the available food, causing mass starvation and diseases.
63
Explain why a fire in a forest will affect the populations in the neighbouring areas.
A fire in an ecosystem will affect another ecosystem because animals from the burned out area will move into the new area looking for food and cause increased competition for food which will cause the established populations to change food sources, move out or die.
64
Explain why ecosystems change over time until climax community is formed
Ecosystems change over time because as plants and animals die and their bodies are absorbed by the soil, bigger and taller plants can compete with the smaller ones for sun, water and space, so the smaller ones die out and are replaced this changing the type of plants growing there.
65
Voltage
The force which pushes the electrons through a circuit.
66
Current
The flow of electrons in a circuit.
67
Resistance
The ability of a substance to reduce the flow of electrons
68
Amps
The unit that current is measured in
69
Static Charge
Build up of electrons in an insulator is negative, loss of electrons is positive.
70
Parallel Circuit
A circuit with one or more paths for current to flow through
71
Series circuit
A circuit that has only one possible path for current.
72
Ohms
The unit that resistance is measured in
73
Insulator
Material that doesn't allow electrons to move freely. Example - Wood.
74
Law of Charges
Like charges repel, opposite charges attract, charged objects attract neutral objects.
75
Short Circuit
A wiring error than provides a path of no resistance so the current does not go through the full circuit but goes very fast and heats up the wires so much a fire can result.
76
Explain how a static charge is created
Rub two insulators together, the friction causes electrons to move from one object to the other leaving one with extra electrons (-) and the other with fewer electrons (+).
77
Explain how a current is produced
Hook up a power source (battery) to conductors (wires) so the electrons can flow from the battery, through the wires and back to the other side of the battery
78
Explain how resistance and voltage affect current
Resistance decreases current, while voltage increases it.
79
Explain why adding more light bulbs to a series circuit makes them all dimmer
The push of the voltage is shared among all of the light bulbs so the battery is pushing a bigger load and electrons flow slower making the bulbs dimmer.
80
Explain how water can reduce static cling
Water has + and - charges in it's structure so the water droplet can absorb electrons or give up electrons to neutralize a built up charge.
81
Explain what happens to a series and a parallel circuit when one of the light bulbs blows out
In a series circuit the burned out bulb breaks open the circuit so no current can flow and all the bulbs stop in a parallel circuit the current has other paths available so only the burned out blob stops, the others still all get current and keep glowing.
82
Rearrange Ohm's Law to get the formulas for I, V, R
```
I = V / R
V = I X R
R = V / I
```
83
Solar System
The Sun with 8 planets and a whole lot of asteroids orbiting around it
84
AU
The distance from the sun to the earth (93 million miles or 150 kilometres)
85
Telescope
A tool that uses lenses or mirrors to magnify images of objects in space
86
Radio Telescope
A satellite dish pointed at space to receive radio waves from stars
87
Gravity
The force that attracts all matter together, it holds the planets in orbit around the Sun
88
Thrust
The force that propels rockets, made by burning fuel in a jet engine
89
Geosynchronous orbit
Satellite says in same place above earth due to it's orbit being the same speed as Earth's revolution
90
Electromagnetic spectrum
All the radiated forms of energy - light, infra-red, uV, radio waves
91
Nebula
A cloud of gas and dust that compresses and turns into a star
92
Nuclear Fusion
Source of energy in stars: H + H = He
93
Doppler Shift
The shift in pitch and colour of an object as it moves toward or away from you
94
Asteroid
A chunk of rock or ice orbiting between Mars and Jupiter
95
Comet
A chunk of rock and ice orbiting the sun that gives off a long tail as it melts
96
Meteor(ite)
A chunk of rock flying through the upper atmosphere (shooting star) is a meteor, if it hits the Earth it is a meteorite
97
Galaxy
A group of millions or billions of stars, ours in the "Milky Way"
98
Aurora Borealis
Northern Lights caused by Sun's radiation lighting up the atmosphere above the North Pole.
99
Solar Eclipse
Sun blocked as Moon comes in front of Earth
100
Lunar Eclipse
When the Moon is blocked as it goes behind Earth.
101
Phases of the Moon
Moon's shape as it goes around Earth from Full Moon to New Moon and back
102
Explain the creation of the solar system
Balls of gas and molten rock ejected by the spinning Sun cooled into planets and were held in orbit by the Sun's gravity OR balls of rock and gas passing by the Sun were captured by it's gravity.
103
Explain how a star is formed
A star is a huge bail of hydrogen gas that is so compressed in the middle that nuclear reactions occur at over 10 million degrees giving off light, heat and radiation.
104
Explain why the northern sky looks so eerie at night
The radiation from the Sun goes through gases in the atmosphere and makes them glow at night like a neon light.
105
Explain why the Moon seems to change in a monthly cycle
The Moon goes around the Earth and goes in and out of shadow as the Earth blocks the Sunlight from hitting it - called Moon Phases.
106
How red giants are formed.
Stars become Red Giants when they cool off, collapse and re-explode into huge cooling red stars as they burn down. They become Red dwarfs if they are small stars to start with and slowly cool off.
107
What is a solar eclipse
The Sun disappears in the middle of the day - The moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun blocking out the Sun for a small part of the Earth - this is called a Solar Eclipse
108
How does the moon affect the oceans.
The ocean mysteriously rises and falls - The moon causes a gravitational pull on the waters of the Earth oceans causing them the rise during one part of the day then when the Earth turns the Moon is on the other side so it can't pull the oceans and they fall back down.
109
What colour are stars?
Different stars give off different colours - the colour of the star depends on how hot it is and what chemicals are burning in it - each chemical gives off a particular set of colours.
110
List the parts of the solar system in order
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupter, Saturn, Uranus, and possible one or both of the small binary moons formerly known as Pluto
111
How to Take close up pictures of planets.
Use a large telescope to take pictures, or use the Hubbel telescope which is orbiting above the Earth's atmosphere for a better picture. The best way is to launch a probe which will send pictures back as it orbits the planet.
112
How to Beam radio and TV signals all over the world
Beam the radio signal up to a satellite which will reflect the signal back to Earth on the other side of the planet.
113
How to Determine the gases burring in a star.
Analyze the colour spectrum of the starlight and compare it to the spectrums of the elements to see which elements are in the star
114
How to Determine the velocity of a moving star.
Knowing the colour spectrum of a star based on it's composition, look at it's spectrum and notice if the spectrum has a colour shift. If it does, then the star is moving. If the wavelengths are shorter (blue shift) it is moving toward you. If it they are longer (red shift) it is moving away. The amount of shift is proportional to the velocity of the star.
