Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Stamp Act
A
First DIRECT tax
Very upsetting
Tax on paper products like newspaper, cards, …
England always had stamp tax
Lawyers also angry because legal documents weren’t legal without stamp
2
Q
No taxation without representation
A
Quote from James Otis’ pamphlet
Rallying cry of war
3
Q
Townshend Acts
A
Tax on everyday things such as paint, paper, glass, lead, and tea
4
Q
Boston Tea Party
A
Planned by Sons of Liberty
Disguised as Mohawk Indians, they calmly and orderly got on 3 ships of tea
Dumped 342 chests of tea in harbor
5
Q
Intolerable Acts
A
Nickname for the laws
Coercive acts, Quebec act
6
Q
1st Continental Congress
A
12 colonies (no Georgia)
Philly’s carpenter hall (AKA independence hall)
They promised to meet again
7
Q
Patriots / loyalists
A
Patriots against Britain
Loyalists are loyal to Britain
8
Q
Charles Cornwallis
A
“Surrenders” at Yorktown: Was “sick” and couldn’t surrender to Washington
Sent second in command who gave it to Rochambeau and then a whole string of confusion
British General that ended rev war
9
Q
William Howe
A
British ARMY general
10
Q
Second Continental Congress
A
They run country for war
Declare independence
13/13
Form army and name Washington commanding general
11
Q
George Washington
A
US general for continental army
Delegate form Virginia at 2nd CC
showed up with new tailored suit
12
Q
Thomas Jefferson
A
Write Dec of independence Louisiana purchase (loose/strict construction) Embargo act (failure) His tie with Adams and after that Burr trying to steal presidency
13
Q
Lexington and Concord
A
- “Shot heard round the world”
- Midnight ride
- British fled to Concord, where they were pelted
- Heard them coming
- Blood has been shed
14
Q
Bunker Hill
A
British won, but we proved we could hurt them
Colonel Prescott gained fame: “Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes”
15
Q
Trenton and Princeton
A
American win
Washington doesn’t get replaced
Completes fighting for 1776
16
Q
Battle of Brandywine
A
9/11/1777
Largest battle of war
British capture Philly
We lose battle, but not war
17
Q
Battle of Saratoga
A
THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR
foreign aid is decided (from French, Spanish, Netherlands, and Poland)
Gates given credit
18
Q
Battle of Yorktown
A
Finale
Cornwallis surrenders
French helps!
Ends hope for British
19
Q
Treaty of Paris, 1783
A
Ends rev war
Boundary = Mississippi
We get independence
20
Q
Constitutional Convention
A
Independence Hall
55 delegates
4 months
12/13 states, Rhode Island was missing
People who weren't there: Thomas Jefferson- ambassador to France John Adams- ambassador to Britain Richard Henry Lee- too old John Hancock- too old Patrick Henry- “he smelled a rat,” didn't trust it
21
Q
Virginia Plan
A
Presented by Edmund Randolph, written by Madison
2 houses, one voted on and based on population, other chosen by state legislatures
Favored big states
22
Q
New Jersey Plan
A
Presented by William Paterson
One house congress, 2 senators from each state
Favored small states
23
Q
Compromises Great Compromise 3/5 Compromise Commerce Compromise Executive Compromise
A
Great: presenter= Roger Sherman, Fused Virginia and New Jersey plans to make 2-house congress
3/5: counted slaves as 3/5 of a person
Commerce: Congress can tax imports but never exports
Executive: created power of impeachment no electoral college
24
Q
3 branches of government
A
Legislative: 2-house congress, HOR and senate, creates laws
Executive: president, enforces laws
Judicial: Supreme Court, interprets laws
25
Federalism
Support of Constitution
Federalists: yes
Anti-Federalists: no
26
Electoral College
Indirect election
| People chose electors who then chose President
27
Federalists
In favor of the new Constitution
| Believed in a strong federal gov and the Articles had been too weak
28
Antifederalist
Opposed the new Constitution
Wanted more power to state gov’ts
Demanded bill of rights
29
Bill of Rights
Protection for people's civil liberties
George Mason- father of BOR
Swayed many Antifederalists to be in favor on Constitution
30
Checks and Balances
Branches check each other and keep gov in balance
31
The Cabinet
Help president
Not in Constitution
Departments: State, Treasury, war/defense, attorney general
32
Hamilton's Financial Plans
Must pay Fr., Sp., Neth. back to establish nation’s strong credit
Must pay war bonds back to Americans plus the interest expected
US gov’t must assume all state debts from the Rev War
Gov’t must establish a National Bank for deposits and loans & for cash flow
Congress must pass tariffs on imports & an excise tax for gov’t income
33
Strict vs. Loose construction
Elastic clause
Strict: only do what gov says can do
Loose: can do anything not forbidden
34
Judiciary Act of 1789
Creates court system
Law declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison
Used power of judicial review
35
Washington's Farewell Address
Advice: avoid alliances, avoid political parties, remain neutral
36
XYZ affair
Agents X, Y, Z demanded a bribe for US diplomats to meet with him (1798), a loan & an apology from Adams for supposedly saying anti-French things
37
Alien and Sedition Acts
Raised time to become citizen to 14 years
"disloyal” immigrants arrested & deported
Sedition part – forbid critical speech about the US gov’t
AGAINST FIRST AMENDMENT
38
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Created states right theory
Made to deal with alien and sedition acts
Later on, they use this to get secession
39
Louisiana Purchase
US offered 10 million for New Orleans, France answered with 15 million for all
Doubled size of US
However: Jefferson used loose construction, even though he was pro-strict construction
40
Lewis and Clark Expidition
Exploration of Louisiana territory
41
Proclamation of 1763
Way for England to save money
No settlers to protect
Fur trappers had to have royal permission to go there
England did not believe it would be a permanent law
Veterans of F&I War felt they had fought for right to move west – so instantly angered
42
Embargo Act
```
Forbid trade outside of US
Keep ships and sailors out of trouble
Everyone hates it
No trade = no money
Part of Jefferson's presidency
```
43
War of 1812
```
Causes: impressment, and guns to Indians
Effects: Britain = ally
New leaders
Preserved independence
Slow death of Federalists
```
44
Battles of War of 1812
- Lake Erie
- Bladensburg
- Ft. McHenry
- New Orleans
Lake Erie:
Bladensburg: Loss led to burning of white and dolly Madison saving paintons
Ft. McHenry:
New Orleans:
45
Treaty of Ghent
Ends war of 1812
46
Hartford Convention
New England wanted to separate country to make separate peace with England to stop war of 1812
Look like traitors
Beginning of end of Federalist Party
47
Industrial Revolution
```
Textile factories from britain
Respectable jobs for women
Cotton gin = more slavery
Steam boats
Railroads later on
```
48
Protective Tariffs
New tax on factories/industries
49
Railroads, canals, and steamboats
Slowly, railroads replaced canals
Steamboats worked on canals
Railroads = later on
50
Cotton gin
Reinforced slavery
51
John Marshall
First Chief Justice
Set example for future
Did not want to move Indians but Jackson defied him
52
Judicial review
power to cancel legislative or executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional
53
Era of Good Feelings
People felt good and united
54
Washington Irving
Wrote short stories during Era of Good Feelings
55
Missouri Compromise
Missouri slave state, Maine free state
Established 36-30 line (for rest of Louisiana Purchase)
Above line is free, below line is slave
JQA quote
*Both Jefferson & John Quincy Adams predicted problems with the precedent set
56
American System
```
Proposed by Henry Clay
New tariffs to protect industries/factories (protective tariffs)
Second National Bank
1st one had expired
Improved transportation systems
```
57
Monroe Doctrine
Closed Western Hemisphere to colonization
Enforced (then) with British help & their navy (today obviously on our own)
KEYSTONE of today’s foreign policy
58
Jacksonian Democracy
Favored common people, opposed wealthy
| "Regular" people began to truly participate in politics
59
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Jackson defied a Supreme Court ruling
Many died, horrible conditions
60
Manifest Destiny
Exploration
61
John L. O'Sullivan
Wrote an influential editorial in favor of expansion
62
Immigration
Mostly from Ireland and Germany
63
Election of 1824
4 dem-rep candidates
No one won enough votes
House of Rep voted for John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay = Secretary of State
64
Tariff of Abominations
Very high tax rates on imported goods
To make the American made products cheaper
Really disliked in the South
65
Henry Clay
```
Proposed American system
Secretary of state- election of 1824
Speaker of HOR
made compromises (Missouri of 1820 and of 1850)
One of 3 main speakers in great debate
```
66
Daniel Webster
Made the dictionary
67
War Hawks
Young western Congressmen who wanted war w/ Britain
Led by Henry Clay
Wanted to gain land in Canada
68
John C. Calhoun
Died during great debate and was good speaker
| Proposed one of 4 parts- Argument based on fifth amendment
69
Second Nation Bank of US
Part of American system (Henry Clay)
First had expired
Was opposed in Jacksonian democracy (because bank favored the wealthy)
70
Democrats
Jackson's supporters
AKA democratic republicans
One of first political parties
71
Whigs
Opponents of Jacksonian Democrats
Succeeded by Republican Party
Key Leader: Henry Clay
Formed in 1834
72
Texas Revolution
Bloody hell
| Colonists in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the Mexican government
73
Sam Houston
Led the Texans and drew Santa Anna eastward into a trap
| 1st and only president of lone star republic
74
"Fifty-four, forty or fight!"
Popular slogan that led Polk to victory of expansion
| Fifty shades of manifest destiny
75
Treaty of 1846
Treaty with Britain for Oregon
Didn't fight for Oregon
49th parallel established as boundary
76
Mexican - American War
```
US annexed Texas
Dispute between borders: US said rio grande, Mexico said Neuces River
Polk sent Taylor to defend rio grande
Santa Anna called that invasion
North and East did not support War
US wins
```
77
Old Rough and Ready
Zachary Taylor's nickname
78
Treaty of Guadalupe-hildalgo
Rio Grande established as boundary
US get Mexican Cession
Ends Mexican-American war
79
Mexican Cession
Land ceded to US by Mexico
| Includes states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado
80
California Gold Rush
A gold rush that occurred in California
Owner of mill: John Sutter
Employee who first found gold: James Marshall
81
Brigham Young
Led Mormons into Salt Lake City
| Water rights out west
82
Gadsden Purchase
1853 from Mexico for $10 million
James Gadsden sent to purchase land
Wanted for a transcontinental railroad route
Paid so much to make amends for huge loss in Mexican War
Last straw for Mexican people = end of Santa Anna’s rule
83
Second Great Awakening
Made people realize we need to change slavery, women's rights, …
Era of good feelings
religious revival
84
Abolition/Abolitionist movement
Abolition definition: the act of officially ending or stopping something
Movement: to end slavery
85
Frederick Douglass
A leader of abolitionist movement
86
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent American abolitionist
| Best known as editor of abolitionist newspaper: The Liberator
87
Harriet Tubman
Famous conducted of Underground Railroad
Helped her parents escape
Carried a gun
88
Henry David Thoreau
Developed idea of passive resistance
Was inspired by Ralph Waldo Emerson
He himself inspired Ghandi and MLK
89
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading figure of early women's rights movement
| Abolitionist
90
Suffrage
The right to vote
91
Popular Sovereignty
People would VOTE to be a slave or free state
92
Kansas - Nebraska Act
Leads to bleeding Kansas, which leads to formation of Republican Party and Brooks vs. Sumner
93
Stephen Douglas
Exact opposite of Lincoln
Want railroad through Chicago
Against Lincoln for senate seat
Won the senate seat but will never get presidency
94
Free Soil Party
First political party to take a stand against slavery
95
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
| Set fire to the nation
96
Compromise of 1850
Admit California as free state
Rest of Mexican Cession made into 2 territories (Utah & NM)
Slave TRADE abolished in Washington DC
New fugitive slave law (if caught helping faced fines &/or jail)
97
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed by Davis Wilmot (PA)
| Proposed to ban slavery in any lands
98
John Brown
Led Harper ferry raid
Was arrested by Robert E Lee and executed
Was very calm during interview
Scared southerners
99
Bleeding Kansas
The 1854 to 1856 violence between proslavery and anti-slavery supporters in Kansas
100
Dred Scott v. Sanford
- conflict
- three issues
- Congress couldn't ban slavery, reasons and reactions
- Since Dred Scott had lived in a free state (WI) he was a free man
- Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote decision
- Dealt with three issues:
- Was he a citizen w/ the right to sue in federal court? no, so he could not start this court, and no person of African blood had rights of citizenship
- Did living in free territory make him free? No, living in free territory had no bearing on the matter
- Was the Missouri Compromise constitutional? NO, it was unconstitutional
- Congress could not ban slavery anywhere
- protected by 5th Amendment (Calhoun)
- South thrilled with decision
- Republicans were outraged (decided – must win the presidency so could choose new justices)
101
Election of 1860
Rep- Abraham Lincoln
S. Dem- John Breckinridge
N. Dem- Stephen Douglas
Constitutional Union party- John Bell
Democrats split, so helped Lincoln and Bell
102
Seccession
Definition: the act of separating from a nation or state and becoming independent
South Carolina is first
in next 8 weeks: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
103
Civil Advantages
North has more: states, territories, population, factories, workers, RR track/equipment, money, gold, agriculture, Navy/blockade, Lincoln
South: cotton, leaders, Robert E. Lee, passion, home field, good riders, good with weapons
104
Confederate States of America
1st and only President: Jefferson Davis
| Consists of states that seceded from US
105
Bull Run
First: Jackson got nicknamed Stonewall, South wins, North realizes this war might last, people organize a frickin picnic like who the fuck would eat lunch while watching people DIE
Second: South wins again, again protected Richmond
106
Antietam
Lee vs McClellan
North wins, they had copy of Lee's battle plans
Bloodiest day of war (Creek ran red with blood)
107
Battle of Gettysburg
1- only battle fought in a Northern state
2 - TURNING POINT of the war!!!
3 - bloodiest battle of war (3 days)
Also, biggest and most massive battle of war in term of number of troops
Lee vs Meade (both commanding generals)
108
Battle of Vicksburg
North wins
| North now has total control of Mississippi River
109
Emancipation Proclamation
*Changes purpose of war
| Effects in Confederate states only
110
Gettysburg address
To dedicate cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield
| Gave first hint of forgiveness to south
111
With malice toward none...
More words that show forgiveness
| In Lincoln's second inaugural speech
112
Appomattox Courthouse
Formal surrender between Lee and Grant
| End of civil war
113
Reconstruction
Program implemented by federal government to repair damage to the south caused by the civil war and restore the southern states to the union
Occurred between 1865 and 1877
114
Ten Percent Plan
If:
- ten percent of a southern state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the union
- if the state's constitution abolished slavery and provided education for African Americans
Then:
- the state could set up a new government
- the state would regain representation in Congress
115
Radical Republicans
Congressman who advocated full citizenship rights for African-Americans along with a harsh reconstruction policy toward the south
116
Tenure of Office Act
Congress passed it too limit the Presidents power (by having the President need Senate approval to remove certain officials from office)
117
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
118
14th amendment
defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law
119
15th amendment
guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
120
Ku Klux Klan
Organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups
121
Enforcement Act
laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote
122
Proclamation of 1763
Colonists can't cross the Appalachian Mountains
