Final Exam Review Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?
A
Sigmund Freud
2
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
Father of Psychoanalysis, Id, Ego, Superego, Sexual Stages of Personality, conscious vs. unconscious
3
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
Freud
4
Q
Phrenology
A
bumps on head
5
Q
Psychology
A
study of behaviors and the brain, science
6
Q
Biological Approach
A
genes, biological
7
Q
Which approach about Psychology is about what you inherit?
A
Biological Approach
8
Q
Behavioral Approach
A
learned behaviors, fears, environmental influences
9
Q
Which approach about Psychology is about what you are taught?
A
Behavioral Approach
10
Q
Cognitive Approach
A
thinking and perspective
11
Q
Which approach about Psychology is about how you think and view things?
A
Cognitive Approach
12
Q
Psycho dynamic Approach
A
conscious vs. unconscious approach- related to Freud
13
Q
Which approach about Psychology would be associated with interpretation of dreams or hypnosis?
A
Psycho dynamic approach
14
Q
Humanistic Approach
A
motivation, ambition, self-determination
15
Q
Which approach about Psychology would be associated with looking at your own potential?
A
Humanistic Approach
16
Q
Albert Bandura
A
focused on learned behaviors, Bobo Doll/violence/aggression
17
Q
Bobo Doll Experiment
A
group of kids watch adults interact with a Bobo Doll- social learning
18
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
learned behaviors, conditioning, positive & negative reinforcements
19
Q
Skinner Box
A
experiment using electric grid and rats- rats were rewarded when behavior was approved with food, punished with electrical current = conditioning
20
Q
Jean Piaget
A
Stages of Development, object permanence
21
Q
object permanence
A
peek-a-boo; learning that items still around they do not vanish
22
Q
Surveys
A
not reliable; people are often dishonest, especially when they are not anonymous
23
Q
Interviews
A
people can be dishonest, body language can be read, they can be guided
24
Q
Field studies
A
gathering information in a natural setting
25
Natural observation
observing behavior in a natural setting- Jane Goodall/chimpanzees
26
Directed observation
observing behavior in a controlled setting- a laboratory
27
When a administrator comes to view a classroom is it a natural or directed observation?
Directed- however, most will change their behavior bc they know they are being watched
28
When an administrator is observing students in the cafeteria is it a natural or directed observation?
Natural
29
Case Studies
following a subject/ testing at theory over time; downfall is losing touch with participants
30
Standardized Tests
norms- can be compared, SAT's, ACT's, Driver license, doctor's physical
31
Experiments
have a hypothesis and test it out
32
Morality & Experiments
Need
1. Consent
2. Participant can't be worse off than before
3. Participant can stop
33
Milgram Shock Experiment
Teacher/Learner- study of authority, unethical experiment- participants asked to withdraw
34
Stanford Prison Experiment
follow up to Milgram; college students/prisoner vs. guard
35
In which unethical experiment did the Psychologist insert himself making it immoral?
Stanford Prison Experiment- Phillip Zimbardo
36
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Af. Ams males in the US Military; experiment done by the military to see how syphilis affected Af. Am. males
37
Stanley Milgram
Shock/authority
38
Prison authority
Phillip Zimbardo
39
Dr. Mengele
Angel of Death- Holocaust- study of twins/dwarfs
40
Validity
how reliable results or experiment is
41
When looking to see how useful data or an experiment is, you are looking for it's
validity
42
Independent variable
what is being manipulated- what changes
43
The control- what is being measured/observed
Dependent variable
44
Prenatal
Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
45
Rooting
turning your head to look for stimulus
46
when babies display their arms back when reacting to stimulus/fear
Moro
47
Babinski
spreading of toes instead of curling when bottom of foot is touched
48
babies ability to "walk"
Stepping
49
Diver's Affect
babies ability to breathe underwater and swim- up to about 6 months
50
newborn babies can...
see up to 8 inches, determine primary caretaker by smell/sound
51
Harlow & Harlow
Contact/Comfort Experiment- rhesus monkeys: fuzzy fake mom vs. nutrient laden fake mom
52
Strange Situation Experiment
Mary Ainsworth- how baby reacts upon reunion with mom after being left with a stranger
53
when baby cries upon mom's return, but can return to play as before
Secure Attachment
54
Avoidant Attachment
when baby cries upon mom's return, avoids being comforted or contact with mom
55
Anxious/Insecure
when baby cries upon mom's return, and cannot be comforted
56
Sensory Motor Stage of Development
babies learn everything through senses- put everything into their mouths
57
formation of language- telegraphic type
Pre-Operational Stage
58
Concrete Operational Stage
learns reversibility, conservation, cause and effect
59
Formal Operational Stage
can plan into future, compare/contrast, abstract
60
Noam Chomsky
linguist, believes we are all born with a language aquisition device (LAD)- cooing IS language
61
type of language twins share
double talk
62
Sex
plumbing- genitalia you are born with
63
Gender
role identification- learned behavior/expectations for that specific "gender"
64
Intersex conditions
born with both genitalia
65
period of sexual maturation; person becomes able to reproduce
puberty
66
the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development, extending mainly over the teen years and terminating legally when the age of majority is reached; youth.
adolescence
67
an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation.
attachment
68
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
69
menarche
the first menstrual period.
70
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.
primary sex characteristics
71
the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, for example,female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.
secondary sex characteristics
72
Social Clock
the cultural preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
73
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind; it is a spectrum and no two people would experience it exactly alike
74
Memory
the power of retaining and recalling past experience
75
Flashbulb memories
contrasting views about whether or not we keep memories with us frozen in time; vivid strong memories often linked to traumatic experiences
76
the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval
77
Short Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
78
Serial Positioning Effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
79
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
80
rote
memory by repetition
81
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
82
displacement
defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object
83
eye witness accounts
The most unreliable evidence in a criminal case, people that witness an event first hand.
84
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
85
tip of the tongue phenomenon
experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
86
eidetic memory
Photographic Memory
87
the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before
déjà vu
88
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
recognition
89
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
recall
90
the false recollection of episodic memory, filling in gaps.
confabulation
91
repression
the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming consciou
92
Mnemonic devices
devices for, memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember
93
Selective Attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
94
a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience
learning
95
Classical Conditioning
a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response
96
First proposed and studied by Ivan Pavlov, a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. (Ex. Pavlov's dog experiment taught dogs that the neural stimulus equals something good)
Classical Conditioning
97
Ivan Pavlov
Psychologist who is best known for classical conditioning. His work lay the foundation for behaviorism. His dog experiment presented a tone (neural stimulus) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The NS then became a CS, producing a CR.
98
Conditioned Response
The learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (in Pavlov's experiment it was the salivation).
99
Conditioned Stimulus
Originally an irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response.
100
Little Baby Albert
Feared loud noises, but not white rats; eventually he was conditioned to fear rats, generalized to all fluffy things.
101
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
102
Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response.
Positive Reinforcement
103
Negative Reinforcement
The occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimuli.
104
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
105
Effective Punishment has to be
1. consistent
2. relative to behavior
3. timely
106
Phobias
learned fears
107
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
108
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Extrinsic motivation
109
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
110
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
111
How are we affected by selective attention?
attend to, and process, an extremely small amount of incoming information, while blocking out most of the other information. We also shift our focus (attention) from one thing to another during this process
112
What is consciousness?
Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment
113
How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?
We have a biological clock that operates on a 24 hours cycle (day and night) known as our circadian rhythm. Our body temperature and sleep patterns are affected during this 24 hour cycle
114
How does sleep loss affect us?
Sleep deprivation can cause the following: decreased memory, decreased concentration, decreased mood, weakening of the immune system, increase in weight (sleep deprivation increases the hunger arousing hormone ghrelin and decreases the hunger suppressing hormone leptin), decreased productivity, and increases the risk of fatal accidents
115
When we can't see visible objects because our attention is elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
116
What is hypnosis?
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
117
What is dissociation?
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
118
seasonal affective disorder
Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions
119
DSM-IV-TR
Abbrevation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders
120
The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.
Abnormal Psychology
121
Anxiety
a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune
122
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Panic Disorder
123
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
124
dissociative identity disorder
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.(DID)
125
Antisocial Personality
personality who lacks a conscience, is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and selfish, and tends to manipulate others
126
Schizophrenia
group of disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
127
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
128
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
129
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
130
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
131
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
ADHD
132
id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
133
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
134
Superego
the part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices
135
Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 0-18 months; focus: oral cavity; task: transition from bottle/breast to solid food; conflict: id derives pleasure from sucking/excepting into mouth; if child fails to complete tasks, (s)he becomes fixated; fixations-underindulged oral-suspicious, sarcastic, pessimistic, trust issues; overindulged oral-clingy, optimistic, gullible, needy
Oral Stage
136
Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 18 months-3 years; focus: anus-retention/expulsion of species; task: to successfully learned toilet training; conflict: id derives pleasure from retention/expulsion, whereas ego and superego represents society the practical/societal pressures to control bodily functions; if child fails to complete the task,(s)he becomes fixated; fixations-anal expulsion-messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, defiant; anal-retentive-neat, precise, orderly, stingy, obstinate, meticulous, passive-aggressive
Anal Stage
137
The third of Freud's psychosexual development in which genitals are the source of pleasure and the Oedipus Complex begins
Phallic Stage
138
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus Complex
139
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
140
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
