Final Exam Review Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Most people’s average attention span while listening to someone talk is about _ seconds.
A
8 seconds
2
Q
When, as a listener, you relate what you hear to an experience that you had as a teenager, you are…
- attending
- remembering
- understanding
- selecting
A
understanding
3
Q
When listeners can recall ideas and information presented to them, they are said to…
- select
- undertand
- attend
- remember
A
remember
4
Q
Because much of our day is spent listening, there may be times we “tune out” when information is being sent to us. This process is the result of…
- psychological noise
- context transitions
- information overload
- psychological distractions
A
Information overload
5
Q
How can you combat information overload as a speaker?
- use only new information in your speech
- avoid the use of new material in your speech
- build redundancy in your message
- avoid redundancy in your message
A
build redundancy in your message
6
Q
As audience members, if we prefer to listen complex information that is interspersed with facts and details, we are being ______ listeners.
- analytical
- critical
- relational-oriented
- task-oriented
A
analytical
7
Q
What type of listening style is characterized by a listener who wants the speaker to get to point and state what needs to be done?
- relational-oriented style
- analytical syle
- task-oriented style
- critical style
A
-task-oriented style
8
Q
As ethical listeners, audience members must…
- communicate their expectations and feedback to speaker
- formulate questions based on information that wasn’t clearly supported or stated
- agree with the speakers main points, even if there is no outside support or evidence
- watch and listen, but avoid focusing on verbal or nonverbal feedback
A
communicate their expectations and feedback to the speaker
9
Q
As listeners, if we become aware of the methods and techniques speakers use to achieve their goals while speaking, what are we listening for?
- the symbols that are brought into the speech
- the rhetorical strategies employed by the speakers
- the inferences or facts presented during the speech
- the rhetorical criticism used within the presentation
A
the rhetorical strategies employed by the speakers
10
Q
A way to combat information overload as a speaker is to avoid redundancy in your message.
- true
- false
A
false
11
Q
Your own thoughts are among the biggest competitors for your attention when you are a member of an audience.
- true
- false
A
true
12
Q
When you prejudge a message, your ability to understand it increases.
- true
- false
A
false
13
Q
Nonverbal cues play a major role in communicating a message.
- true
- false
A
true
14
Q
Making an effort to understand the needs, goals, and interests of both the speaker and other audience members can help you judge how to react appropriately and ethically as a listener.
- true
- false
A
true
15
Q
A(n) ______ is a conclusion based on partial information or an evaluation that has not been directly observed.
A
inference
16
Q
_____ are words, images, and behaviors that create meaning for other.
A
symbols
17
Q
Not only should a speaker’s choice of topic be relevant to the interests and expectations of his or her listeners, it should also take into account…
- the number of times the speaker has delivered public speeches
- the public speaking experience of his or her listening
- the knowledge listeners already have about the subject
- the speaker’s political affiliation
A
the knowledge listeners already have about the subject
18
Q
The best public-speaking topics are those that reflect…
- your personal experience
- your willingness to learn from the audience
- what is trending most in popular culture
- a steadfast and unshakeable point of view
A
-your personal experience
19
Q
When you make a list of your own interests and begin writing as many topics related to these as you can without stopping to evaluate them, you are using a technique known as…
- brainstorming
- natural topic selection
- topic building
- webbing
A
brainstorming
20
Q
Is it appropriate to develop a speech topic based on something you heard on a television talk show?
- No; most topics discussed on talk shows are inappropriate speech material
- Yes; brainstorming ideas from a television program is a good way to develop a topic and is an option suggested in the text
- No; using televised information for your speech topic is a form of plagiarism
- Yes, but you have to address the topic the same way the talk show did
A
Yes; brainstorming ideas from a television program is a good way to develop a topic and is an option suggested in the text
21
Q
Speeches that you present will be either to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. This goal for your speech is known as its…
- specific purpose
- blueprint
- central idea
- general purpose
A
general purpose
22
Q
During his speech, Tomas asks his audience to sign a petition increasing the student parking areas. His general goal is to…
- inform
- notify
- entertain
- persuade
A
persuade
23
Q
How many main ideas does the text suggest you should have in your speech?
- 1
- 5 to 7
- 3 to 6
- 2 to 4
A
2 to 4
24
Q
When you word a specific purpose in terms of desired audience behavior it is known as a…
- functional purpose
- thesis
- demographic objective
- behavioral objective
A
-behavior objective
25
"At the end of my speech, my audience will be able to list the three different types of Reggae music." This sentence is an example of a...
- blueprint
- specific purpose
- general purpose
- central idea
specific purpose
26
What is the difference between a purpose statement and a central idea?
A purpose statement focuses on audience behavior, while a central idea focuses on the content of the speech
27
A complete declarative sentence that summarizes your speech is known as the...
- central idea
- blueprint
- specific purpose
- general purpose
central idea
28
A central idea should be written as a...
- phrase
- question
- clause
- declarative sentence
declarative sentence
29
In his speech outline, Barnett included the sentence: "Censorship of the music industry violates our First Amendment right to free speech." This is an example of a(n)...
- inflammatory statement
- general purpose statement
- central idea or thesis
- specific purpose statement
central idea or thesis
30
"Deforestation by lumber interests and toxic-waste dumping are major environmental problems in the United States." What is wrong with this central idea?
- it contains more than one idea
- it is not declarative sentence
- it is not audience-centered
- it is too vague
it contains more than one idea
31
Searching for logical divisions in a subject is a strategy for determining your...
- preview statement
- general purpose
- main ideas
- specific purpose
main ideas
32
If a speaker says, " Tonight, I'm going to discuss with you two reasons why everyone should recycle, including cost-saving benefits and the probes waste creates in the environment," you recognize this as a(n)...
- preview of main ideas
- specific purpose statement
- general purpose statement
- attention-getting device
preview of main ideas
33
Not only should a speaker's choice of topic be relevant to the interests and expectations of his or her listeners, it should also take into account the knowledge listeners already have about the subject.
- true
- false
true
34
To be successful, a topic must be appropriate to the audience but not to the occasion.
- true
- false
false
35
All successful topics reflect audience, occasion, and speaker.
- true
- false
true
36
The central idea should be a complete declarative sentence - not a phrase, clause, or question.
- true
- false
true
37
You’re deciding on a speech topic, but need some information from your audience. Rather than asking them to divulge their opinions out loud on a couple of topics, you design a short questionnaire. The questionnaire asks whether a person agrees or disagrees with a series of statements regarding various topics. What form of survey are you using?
- a formal audience anaysis survey using closed-ended questions
- a formal audience analysis survey using open-ended questions
- an informal audience analysis survey using open-ended questions
- an informal audience analysis survey using closed-needed questions
-a formal audience anaysis survey using closed-ended questions
38
When attempting to discover whether you and your audience members have similar cultural characteristics, are about the same age, and have relatively the same education level you are trying to establish...
- audience feelings
- values
- common ground
- beliefs
common ground
39
What is ethnocentrism?
- the attitude that one's own cultural approach is superior to those from other cultures
- the attitude that diverse cultural beliefs around the world should be respected
the attitude that one's own cultural approach is superior to those from other cultures
40
If you think the sun will rise in the east in the morning, you hold a(n) ______ about the sun based on what you perceive to be true or false.
- belief
- attitude
- feeling
- value
belief
41
As part of planning for her class speech on the Patriot Act, Brenda passed around a brief questionnaire asking whether her classmates were for or against the Act, whether they thought parts or the entire Act should change, etc. Was this a good idea, according to your text?
- No; by doing the questionnaire, she revealed to the class what her speech topic was going to be.
- No; the class is a captive audience, so finding out their views ahead of time wasn’t necessary
- Yes; this is a smart technique of analyzing the audience known as demographic audience analysis.
- Yes; this form of psychological audience analysis is a good thing to do for any kind of audience
Yes; this form of psychological audience analysis is a good thing to do for any kind of audience
42
As a requirement for his biology class, Jorge must attend a speech by a visiting scholar in biology. What kind of audience will Jorge be a part of at this event?
- a inspired audience
- a demographic audience
- a voluntary audience
- a captive audience
a captive audience
43
Being audience-centered means you should tell your listeners only what they want to hear; you may need to fabricate information to please your audience or achieve your goal.
- true
- false
false
44
You credibility as a speaker—how you are perceived by your audience—is dependent on your sensitivity to the values and assumptions of your listeners.
- true
- false
true
45
Joe is a former world weight lifter and professional body builder. He is preparing an informative speech on the abuse of steroids in physical fitness. Through his personal experiences, what quality can Joe add to the presentation of his speech?
- motivation
- credibility
- satisfaction
- persuasion
credibility
46
Discussing your speech topic with someone who is knowledgeable on the subject is a method of gathering support material which is known as...
- expert testimony
- transition
- interviewing
- peer testimony
interviewing
47
After her conversation with a representative from the health and wellness program at a local hospital, Jieun organizes her notes and decides which statements to quote in her speech. This form of supporting material is...
- firsthand experience
- research
- an interview
- peer testimony
an interview
48
Marcie was conducting an interview with the local homeless shelter supervisor. The supervisor kept answering “Yes” or “No” to all of Marcie’s questions. Marcie was getting frustrated because she was not getting the material she needed. What was the problem here?
- Marcie should have asked to speak to more than one person at the shelter so she could have gotten more variety in the answers.
- Marcie had planned only closed-ended questions and forgot to follow up by asking “Why?”
- Marcie was not at fault; the supervisor was just closed-minded and not helpful
- The supervisor was probably new and inexperienced and didn’t know the answers
Marcie had planned only closed-ended questions and forgot to follow up by asking “Why?”
49
Tracie is gathering sources of support for her persuasive speech on animal testing for medical purposes. She makes use of Web sources and has a great deal of relevant material. However, when outlining the speech, she can’t find the source of many of the facts and statistics she plans to use. What is Tracie’s problem?
- Tracie forgot to get full citations on her sources, but she can orally cite what she remembers.
- Tracie needed a preliminary bibliography with all necessary material to locate the sources.
- Tracie doesn’t have a problem; the audience trusts her to be truthful and not make up facts
- Tracie violated a principle of outlining; never insert supporting material into an outline for a speech
Tracie needed a preliminary bibliography with all necessary material to locate the sources.
50
In his speech about drinking and driving, David told the story of what happened to three of his friends. He went into detail about how they had been partying, how they wouldn’t let anyone sober drive them home, and how their lives ended when the car they were in wrapped around a tree in the middle of the night. What kind of supporting material did David use in his speech?
- an brief illustration
- an extended illustration
- expert testimony
- a statistic
an extended illustration
51
In a persuasive speech, Felipe compared stem cell research to abortion on the basis that they are both destroying human life. In this case, Felipe was using...
- a brief example
- a literal analogy
- an extended illustration
- a figurative analogy
a literal analogy
52
A literal analogy is a comparison between two similar things.
- true
- false
true
53
For her informative speech, Abigail wanted to tell her audience about three important factors they need to consider when purchasing a new computer. Which organizational pattern lends itself best to this topic?
- spatial
- topical
- cause-effect
- chronological
topical
54
When explaining the progress of molecular discoveries, Shanthan began by discussing Mendel’s 1866 studies about inheritance of biological traits in peas, ending with recent information about the human genome project. Which pattern of organization did Shanthan employ in his speech?
- topical
- spatial
- cause-effect
- chronological
chronological
55
In her presentation to the school board about plans for the new physical fitness facility, Ms. Anderson described how the various workout areas, gyms, locker rooms, and physical therapy facilities would be located within the building. Which organizational pattern was Ms. Anderson using in her presentation?
- chronological
- problem-solution
- spatial
- topical
spatial
56
Deanna makes the claim in her persuasive speech that unregulated car emissions in major urban areas worldwide contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, which contributes to global warming. Which type of organizational pattern is reflected in this example?
- problem-solution
- topical
- cause-effect
- spatial
cause-effect
57
Bianca began her speech with a vivid description of the typical waiting area in an emergency room of a public hospital. After completing the description, she began to discuss why emergency rooms have come to represent a critical problem within the health care system. What organizational pattern can you detect in Bianca’s speech?
- chronological
- topical
- spatial
- cause-effect
cause-effect
58
Paul describes first how hunger is a world-wide problem; he then explains that there is a hunger problem in America; then he describes a family suffering in his home town. What aspect of supporting material organization is Paul employing here?
- the “soft” to “hard” evidence principle
- The specificity principle
- The complexity principle
- The primacy-recency principle
the specificity principle
59
For his persuasive speech supporting assisted suicide, Saul decides to first provide a definition of the term and talk generally about the current status of the problem. Then he plans to bring up individual incidents in which assisted suicides have prevented needless suffering for the victim. Which strategy of supporting material organization is this plan reflecting?
- Specificity
- “soft” to “hard” evidence
- Primacy
- Complexity
Specificity
60
In his speech on varying explanations of how the earth came into existence, Eduardo begins with opinions, moves to inferences, and uses scientific facts in support of his last point. What principle of supporting material organization is Eduardo utilizing in his speech?
- “soft” to “hard” evidence
- Complexity
- Primacy-recency
- Specificity
“soft” to “hard” evidence
61
Throughout John’s speech on the environment, he reviewed and re-emphasized points previously discussed. What is the textbook term for this technique?
- Internal summary
- preview
- external summary
- conclusion
internal summary
62
In a speech, April says: “You should now understand the three most-recommended methods for improving your ability to recall people’s names: the repetition method, the word-association method, and the visual imagery method. I hope you will put these methods into practice and you will remember my name the next time you see me in the hall.” What device is April making use of in her speech?
- A preview statement
- A final summary
- A transition
- An internal summary
A final summary
63
According to the principle of recency, the point discussed first is the one the audience will remember best.
- true
- false
false
64
If your main ideas range from simple to complicated, it makes sense to arrange them in order of complexity, progressing from the simple to the more complex.
- true
- false
true
65
What is a cliché?
- a concrete word or phrase which expresses clear communication
- an overused expression
- a speech device used to present specific information
- a dictionary definition of a word
an overused expression
66
The specialized language of a profession is...
- Denotation
- Jargon
- Regionalism
- Vernacular
jargon
67
What is wrong with the following statement in a speech? “If you believe we should have stiffer penalties for juvenile offenders, then write your congressman.”
- The language should be more vivid and specific in order to move the audience to action
- The language is sexist, as the term “congressman” implies only men serve in the legislature.
- The statement employs the use of jargon
- The language is controversial and likely to incite a negative emotional response in listeners.
The language is sexist, as the term “congressman” implies only men serve in the legislature.
68
When you keep your audience in suspense or say something in your speech that is different from the expected, you are creating...
- Cadence
- Confusion
- Drama
- Proximity
drama
69
In a speech about preparing oneself for the death of a loved one, Amber made repeated reference to “Death, the unwanted stranger at the door.” She hoped to create a sense of drama for her audience, while at the same time getting them to seriously consider her points. What figure of speech did Amber use in her presentation?
- Metaphor
- Personification
- Simile
- Hyperbole
Personification
70
When Reverend Jesse Jackson says, “We must relate instead of debate; we must inspire instead of retire; and we must repair instead of despair,” what linguistic device is he using?
- Inversion
- Omission
- Metaphor
- Parallelism
Parallelism
71
Phyllis presented an informative speech on how to fix a flat tire. What type of informative speech was this?
- A speech about an object
- A speech about an event
- A speech about an idea
- A speech about a procedure
A speech about a procedure
72
Roberto gave an informative speech about the life and artistic accomplishments of Andy Warhol. What type of informative speech did Roberto deliver?
- A speech about events
- A speech about ideas
- A speech about people
- A speech about procedures
-A speech about people
73
Seth decided to present his informative speech on the origins and development of Mardi Gras parades. What type of informative speech did Seth present?
- A speech about a procedure
- A speech about people
- A speech about an idea
- A speech about an event
A speech about an event
74
Research suggests that you can demystify a complex process if you first provide a simple overview of the process with ______, a vivid description, or a word picture.
- A pedagogy
- An andragogy
- A simile
- An analogy
An analogy
75
Malcolm would rather learn by trying something rather than hearing it, watching it, or reading about it. Malcolm is a ______ learner.
- Auditory
- Visual
- Auditory
- Kinesthetic
Kinesthetic
76
“Three reasons Lewis wrote the Narnia stories are to connect the ‘pictures’ he visualized in his head, to write an engaging story for children, and to make a larger point about Christianity.” This statement is an example of a ______ in an informative speech.
- Specific behavioral purpose
- General purpose
- Central idea
- Subpoint
Central idea
77
According to the text, the most obvious purpose of a speech introduction is to
- establish proximity with your audience
- establish your credibility
- introduce the subject of your speech
- get the audience’s attention
introduce the subject of your speech
78
A credible speaker is someone who...
- audience members believe they can trust
- avoids the use of showy, attention-getting tactics
- is willing to learn from the audience
- has committed his or her speech to memory
audience members believe they can trust
79
In the introduction to your speech, a good way to establish your credibility is to...
- start with a well-known quotation
- summarize your main ideas
- be well-prepared and confident
- state your specific purpose
be well-prepared an confident
80
In developing her speech on scuba diving, Rachael is trying to decide whether or not to tell the audience in her introduction that she has been a diver since she was a freshman in high school. She wonders if this will help or hurt her credibility. What textbook advice applies here?
- For the sake of suspense, Rachael should wait until her conclusion to describe her diving experience
- Rachael should avoid referencing her personal experience with the topic because it will make her appear boastful and actually detract from her credibility
- Rachael should avoid describing her experience because she will appear to be speaker-centered and not audience-centered
- Rachael should give a brief, credibility-building explanation of her experience with the topic
Rachael should give a brief, credibility-building explanation of her experience with the topic
81
Janet’s introduction contained the following remarks: “How many of you know someone who has tried to quit smoking, successfully or unsuccessfully? Have any of the smokers in this audience tried to quit? Well, if you have tried to quit and failed, you are among the 20 percent of Americans who have tried to quit multiple times. A few months ago I tried to quit, for the umpteenth time, but this time I made it. I’d like to tell you exactly how I made it.” Which of the following statements is accurate about this introduction?
- Janet shouldn’t discuss her own experience with quitting smoking because it creates distance between her and the audience.
- Janet has too many devices in this introduction; the audience will be confused rather than intrigued.
- Janet has successfully combined the introductory devices of questions to the audience, statistical information, and a personal reference.
- Janet has successfully combined the introductory devices of startling statements, reference to historical events, and illustrations
Janet has successfully combined the introductory devices of questions to the audience, statistical information, and a personal reference
82
“98 percent of the 2012 graduates of the Thomas Jefferson School of Law in San Diego, California, graduated with an average of $168,800 in student debt.” This is an example of a(n)...
- Rhetorical question
- Personal reference
- Anecdote
- Startling statistic
Startling statistic
83
Leonard walked to the podium, made direct eye contact with the audience, then asked the audience: “Have you ever wondered what a hot dog is made of? Do you really want to know?” What introductory device was Leonard using?
- establishing his credibility
- asking rhetorical questions
- using personal references
- opening with a startling facts
asking rhetorical questions
84
Which of the following is TRUE of making a reference to a recent event in your introduction?
- It can enhance your credibility by showing that you are knowledgeable about current affairs
- Most audiences find this introduction tactic somewhat boring
- If you choose to use a recent event in your introduction, it must be an event that has occurred within the last week or, at the very most, month
- It is a risky tactic because it can confuse audience members who don’t follow current affairs.
It can enhance your credibility by showing that you are knowledgeable about current affairs
85
What advice does the text offer in regards to using people as presentation aids in a speech?
- Make sure they don’t draw attention away from your speech; have them stand or sit still until they are needed in the speech.
- Rehearse with the person and try using a spur-of-the-moment volunteer in the speech.
- Avoid using others as presentational aids; rely on yourself as the presentational aid.
- Never use other people as presentation aids in a speech because of the potential for something to go wrong.
Make sure they don’t draw attention away from your speech; have them stand or sit still until they are needed in the speech
86
Which of the following is an example of a two-dimensional presentation aid?
- A set of golf clubs
- A graph of population growth
- A puppy dog
- A model of the human heart
A graph of population growth
87
The process of changing or reinforcing a listener’s attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior is...
- Persuasion
- motivation
- argument
- logic
persuasion
88
In the process of persuading your audience, which of the following is most difficult to change?
- emotions
- attitudes
- beliefs
- values
values
89
____ is the term Aristotle used to refer to appeals to human emotion.
Pathos
90
_____ is the term Aristotle used to refer to logic --- the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion.
Logos
91
______ is a theory that suggests people can be persuaded by logic, evidence, and reasoning, or through a more peripheral route that may depend on the credibility of the speaker, the sheer number of arguments presented, or emotional appeals.
- Cognitive dissonance
- The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Positive motivation
The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
92
The sense of disorganization that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns is...
- reasonable disassociation
- cognitive confusion
- cognitive dissonance
- logical dissonance
cognitive dissonance
93
Matt is listening to a persuasive speech on assisted suicide. He begins to feel uncomfortable but then decides the speaker didn’t know what she was talking about. Matt is using which dissonance coping strategy?
- He is discrediting the source.
- He is seeking new information.
- He is using positive motivation to adjust to what he is hearing.
- He is reinterpreting the message and restoring balance to what he is hearing
He is discrediting the source
94
The most basic needs for all humans are ______ needs. Unless these needs are met, it will be difficult to motivate a listener to satisfy other needs.
physiological
95
Brendan argues, in his persuasive speech, “What starving people need first is food and clean water; not counseling about the sad state of their governments; not advice about ways to attract new industry; and not pity over the loss of their self-esteem.” What principle of persuasive speaking is Brendan effectively utilizing?
- the principle of cognitive dissonance and negative motivation
- the principle of presenting more advantages than disadvantages
- the principle that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level ones
- the principle of creating gradual, rather than sudden, change in listeners
the principle that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level ones
96
Although Betsy lives in a state where carrying concealed weapons is legal, she wants to persuade her listeners that stricter handgun legislation should be passed. In order to do so, she recounts emotional stories about victims of handgun violence. She also emphasizes that anyone can become a victim of handgun violence, including children. According to Maslow, which need is she addressing?
- physiological
- social
- safety
- self-esteem
safety
97
You want to do a speech on the importance of committing to a daily exercise routine, but you don’t want to come across as though you were scolding the audience for not being more active. You simply want to uplift them, to make them feel good about their own potential, and to show them the health benefits of activity. If you do this, what persuasive strategy will you be using?
- positive motivation
- cognitive dissonance
- fear appeals
- negative motivation
positive motivation
98
In her persuasive speech, Martha spoke about the possibility of dirty nuclear weapons being used against the United States by Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. She challenged her audience to monitor Senate hearings on the problem and to get involved by writing or emailing their legislators. What form of motivation did Martha successfully employ in her speech?
- negative motivation, based on a fear appeal
- cognitive dissonance
- an appeal to basic self-esteem and self-actualization needs
- positive motivation, based on a patriotism appeal
-negative motivation, based on a fear appeal
99
Janet saw on the news where a family of seven children perished in a house fire—it was also revealed that the house did not contain smoke detectors. As a result she developed a persuasive speech stating that this tragedy can be avoided in everyone’s home with the simple installation of a smoke detector. Janet was using which kind of proposition for her central idea?
- proposition of value
- proposition of action
- proposition of policy
- proposition of fact
proposition of fact
100
Aristotle used the term ethos to refer to the rational, logical arguments that a speaker uses to persuade someone.
- true
- false
false
101
Motivation is the underlying internal force that drives people to achieve their goals.
- true
- false
true
102
The need for self-esteem is the need to feel loved and valued
- true
- false
false
103
A _____ is a characteristic of something that you are describing.
feature
104
The audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism is termed ___.
credibility
105
What is Aristotle’s term for a speaker’s credibility?
Ethos
106
When Ramone spoke about the need for regular health check-ups, he was so knowledgeable, so sincere, and so energetic in his delivery that everyone responded quite positively to his speech. What aspect of good persuasive delivery did Ramone demonstrate?
- Logos
- Mythos
- Pathos
- Ethos
Ethos
107
The type of reasoning in which one thing, person, or process is compared to another to predict how something will perform or respond is reasoning by ______.
analogy
108
What is the term for reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to reach a general, probable conclusion?
- Inductive reasoning
- Validity
- Probability
- Mythos
Inductive reasoning
109
The process of reasoning from a general statement or principle to a specific, certain conclusion is known as
- Inductive reasoning
- Reasoning by analogy
- Deductive reasoning
- Generalization
Deductive reasoning
110
The ______ fallacy suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, that it must be valid, accurate, or effective.
Bandwagon
111
In a speech to the neighborhood watch group, Mr. Simmons made the following statement: “If you see someone running down the sidewalk in our neighborhood and you don’t recognize that person, you can assume that person has committed some type of crime. You must act immediately. Don’t hesitate for a second. Call 911.” Some members of the audience recognized this statement as an example of a ______ fallacy.
A causal fallacy
112
Marty’s persuasive speech was about gun control and school violence. He made the statement, “Either we take guns out of the hands of everyone in this country, except the police and military, or we can expect massacres in schools all over this country.” This kind of argument represents:
- An either/or fallacy
- An ad hominem fallacy
- A bandwagon fallacy
- An appeal to misplaced authority
An either/or fallacy
113
When a persuasive speaker attacks the person supporting an issue rather than the issue itself, which fallacy is the speaker committing?
- Ad hominem
- Bandwagon
- Non sequitur
- Hasty generalization
Ad hominem
114
When you argue that a new parking garage should not be built on campus because the grass has not been mowed on the football field for three weeks, you are guilty of a _______.
non sequitur
115
In an introduction to a persuasive speech, Fran said: “There was a time when I thought I would never have a job, a decent life, a boyfriend, or any pleasure in life. But, after working as an intern at Channel 3, I know what I really want to do with my life and that gives me great satisfaction. I encourage you all to become interns, so that you, too, can discover that there is something in life that inspires passion in you... that you’re willing to work for...to work hard for...to be successful...to be happy.” What type of message did this speaker effectively use in this introduction?
- An appeal to credibility
- An appeal to a common myth
- An appeal to emotion
- An appeal to reasoning
An appeal to emotion
116
When attempting to persuade an audience that is unreceptive, you should...
- Announce immediately that you plan to change their minds
- Acknowledge the opposing points of view that members of your audience may hold
- Begin by noting areas of disagreement before you discuss areas of agreement
- Consider making advocacy rather than understanding your goal
Acknowledge the opposing points of view that members of your audience may hold
117
Lonnie plans to speak to a group of real-estate developers to advocate a new zoning ordinance that would reduce the number of building permits granted in her community. She knows her listeners will undoubtedly have concerns about how the ordinance will affect their ability to build homes and make money, so she decides to organize her presentation by discussing these two obvious concerns and disproving them. Which organizational strategy is Lonnie using?
- Cause and effect strategy
- Refutation strategy
- Problem-solution strategy
- The motivated sequence
Refutation strategy
118
What are the five steps of the motivated sequence strategy?
- Attention, idealization, brainstorming, implementation, and satisfaction
- Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
- Need, visualization, implementation, attention, and finalization
- Need, cause, effect, solution, and action
Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
119
The bandwagon fallacy is a faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events.
- true
- false
false
120
The red herring fallacy is used when someone attacks an issue by using irrelevant facts or arguments as distractions.
- true
- false
true
121
A non sequitur is when a speaker uses the testimony of an expert to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentials or expertise
- true
- false
false
122
_____ reasoning moves from a general statement of principle to a specific, certain conclusion.
Deductive
123
_____ reasoning is reasoning in which the relationship between two or more events leads you to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others.
Causal
124
A ______ is something that has been directly observed to be true or can be proven to be true by verifiable evidence.
fact
