Final Exam Review Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
intro: topics discussed
A
historical context, contemporary research, ethical essetials
2
Q
intro: understand how theories develop by looking at ___ and ___ contexts
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historical; cultural
3
Q
intro: who is father of psychotherapy? why is this an issue?
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Freud; ignores others (Janet claimed he and colleagues working on the same thing as Freud), focusing on white father is racist/sexist
4
Q
intro: four diff cultural and historical realities or perspectives
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- biomedical
- religious/spiritual
- psychosocial
- feminist/multicultural
5
Q
intro: definitions for psychotherapy vs counseling
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psychotherapy-longer and deeper, more expensive with 12 part definition
6
Q
intro: theory
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organized of knowledge about a particular object or phenomenon; used to generate hypotheses about human thinking, emotions, behavior/evaluate theories with modern research principles and procedures
7
Q
intro: Hans Eysenck (1952) conducted review of psychotherapy outcomes and concluded that psychotherapy was ___ effective than no treatment
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less; controversial finding-substantial research on psychotherapy outcomes, agreed that it’s effective but no agreement on which approach is most effective for which problems
8
Q
intro: two main positions to great psychotherapy debate
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- specific therapy procedures are superior and should constitute most of what therapists provide
- there are common factors within all approaches that account for the fact that research generally shows all therapy approaches have equal efficacy or effectiveness
9
Q
intro: approaches are evaluated using ____ or ____
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highly controlled research protocols (randomized controlled trials); real world settings
10
Q
intro: randomized controlled trials evidence to support
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treatment efficacy
11
Q
intro: real world settings evidence to support
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treatment effectiveness
12
Q
intro: abide by professional ethics
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- competence and informed consent
- multicultural competence
- confidentiality
- multiple roles
- beneficence
- know that some approaches can be harmful
13
Q
psychoanalysis: ___likely had oedipal conflicts, strove for recognition
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Freud; didn’t want to visit Janet on his deathbed because libel was spread
14
Q
psychoanalysis: Freud had many health issues-tobacco addiction, cancer and jaw surgery; ___ helped his commit suicide
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Max Schur; morphine on 2 consecutive days
15
Q
psychoanalysis: Freud began practicing ___; wrote ___ volumes of work
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late 1800’s to early 1900’s; 24
16
Q
psychoanalysis: seduction hypothesis; people had experiences with sexual abuse but then recanted
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culture of the times was to not talk about sex
17
Q
psychoanalysis: theories of human development
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- dynamic
- topographic
- developmental stage
- structural
18
Q
psychoanalysis: everyone can develop psychopathology if
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exposed to the right type and amount of stress
19
Q
psychoanalysis: Pine (1990)-evolution of psychoanalytic approach
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- drive
- ego psychology
- object relations
- structural
20
Q
psychoanalysis: free association used to
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basic rule; articulate underlying unconscious processes
21
Q
psychoanalysis: clients experience ___ and ___, therapist uses ___ to clarify and bring unconscious patterns into awareness
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transference; resistance; interpretation
22
Q
psychoanalysis: focus interpretations on problematic repeating interpersonal themes or patterns in client’s lives
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contemporary focus on human relationships as primary motivator and developmental force
23
Q
psychoanalysis: triangles of insight that include
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- current client relationships
- client-therapist relationship (transference)
- past client relationships
24
Q
psychoanalysis: evidence support
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not suited for females/other cultures, controversial but lots of support
25
IP and Adler: little debate about significance
Ellis praised him as true father of modern psychotherapy, lots of people take from his ideas
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IP and Adler: psychology of ___ ___
common sense
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IP and Adler: Adler established himself and published book before joining with Freud
independent thinker that broke from Freud; made comprehensive and practical psych that remains influential today
28
IP and Adler: theoretical concepts
1. individuals as whole persons that strive for purpose and superiority
2. emphasizes social interest over self-interest as health goal
3. individuals are unique
4. behavior determined by multiple factors
5. people develop internal cognitive map or "style of life" to handle tasks:
29
IP and Adler: tasks of life
1. work/occupation
2. social relationships
3. love/marriage
4. self
5. spirituality
6. parenting/family
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IP and Adler: de-emphasizing psychopathology
individuals seeking counseling are viewed as discouraged or as lacking the courage to directly face challenges of tasks of life
31
IP and Adler: four overlapping stages of therapy
1. forming friendly and egalitarian therapy relationship
2. obtaining info leading to comprehensive lifestyle assessment and analysis
3. using collaborative interpretation to help clients achieve insight into style of life
4. reorientation or changing of on'es style of life to better meet tasks of life
32
IP and Adler: gender
far ahead of time; women were capable but oppressed by male society, viewed individuals within relational and social context
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IP and Adler: research
little empirical research supporting efficacy
34
existential: about
finding meaning, taking personal responsibility
35
existential: based on existential philosophy
invariable conditions of human existence: personal responsibility, isolation, death, meaning
36
existential: view life in dialectical extremes then gather knowledge and meaning from ____
integration of extremes; experiencing and embracing personal freedom, combined with complete responsibility for one's actions
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existential: principles
- I am experience
- four existential ways of being: umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt, uberwelt
- daimonic
- nature of anxiety and guilt
-existential psychodynamics or ultimate concerns
- self-awareness
38
existential: achieve greater ___ and ___ all that live has to offer in order to ____
awareness; embrace; live life to the fullest
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existential: form I-thou relationship with clients and use it for therapeutic change
process involves intense interpersonal encounter that includes deep emotional sharing, feedback, confrontation, encouragement
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existential: not sensitive to
gender or culture
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existential: don't value empirical science
little research supporting efficacy
42
PCT: rogers understood central role of
relationship; more important than problems and techniques (transparency, acceptance, empathy)
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PCT: rogers was super optimistic and positive
raised in strict and judgmental home, one of the most respectful therapies ever
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PCT: in 1942, claimed that all that was necessary and sufficient for positive personality change was to provide clients with
relationship that had congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding
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PCT: four phases of therapy approach
1. nondirective counseling
2. client centered therapy
3. becoming a person
4. worldwide issues
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PCT: complex theory of personality focusing on self-development
full development of a self-consistent with individuals total organismic experience--most kids are exposed to conditions of worth that lead to conflict with real and ideal selves
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PCT: psychopathology from
failure to learn from experience
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PCT: motivation interviewing
contemporary form, initially made for alcohol abusing clients; reflective, empathic techniques to focus on client ambivalence and to help clients develop own motivation to change
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PCT: gender/cultrue
positive for feminists, negative for collectivist cultures
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PCT: empirically based support
strong evidence for empathy, better than no treatment but less efficacious than more supported
51
Gestalt: live life to fullest in ___
present
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Gestalt: ___ approach
experiential
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Gestalt: integration of several theories
1. psychoanalysis
2. gestalt psych
3. field theory
4. existentialism
5. phenomenology
6. holism
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Gestalt: therapy process
I-thou, here and now, what and how
55
Gestalt: contact with others and experiences are important; types of disturbance
introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence
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Gestalt: emotionally activating, have to work
collaboratively and follow training guidelines
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Gestalt: clients have unfinished business that can be
brought into present to finish actively
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Gestalt: therapists
establish genuine relationship, facilitate client awareness, engage clients in gestalt experiments
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Gestalt: culture
not for those that don't value talking about emotions
60
Gestalt: empirical evidence
some evidence that its effective, emotion focused shows some empirical promise
61
Behavioral: skinner vs rogers
determinism vs free will
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Behavioral: not as strict as people think
flexible, open to new techniques
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Behavioral: adherence to
scientific validation of therapeutic techniques
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Behavioral: very effective but
which approaches with which problems
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Behavioral: is it actually more effective or
is it better at showing effectiveness
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Behavioral: began in US when
early 1900's, official birth 1950's
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Behavioral: Mary Cover Jones
reserach on kids with fears and phobias
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Behavioral: therapists are
scientists
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Behavioral: three main models
1. operant conditioning(applied behavioral analysis)
2. classical conditioning (neobehavioristic, meditational stimulus response)
3. social learning theory
70
Behavioral: psychopathology from
maladaptive learning, treated by providing clients new learning experiences
71
Behavioral: empirically based assessment and intervention procedures
functional behavioral assessment, behavioral interviewing, standardized questionnaires
72
Behavioral: therapy procedures
1. token economy and contingency management
2. behavioral activation
3. relaxation training
4. systematic desensitization and exposure treatment
5. skills training
73
Behavioral: focus on
symptoms, not good for gender/minority
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Behavioral: research support
tons, efficacious and effective
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CBT: so much support, seems to work for almost everything
is this the best it will get? or do we still need more?
76
CBT: including cognition used to be resisted, but now
integrated with behavioral
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CBT: more began to break out of psychoanalysis in the
40-50s
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CBT: rational emotive (behavior) therapy
Ellis; confrontational, irrational thoughts
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CBT: cognitive therapy
Beck; collaborative, maladaptive thoughts
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CBT: self-instructional training
Meichenbaum
81
CBT: theoretical principles
classical and operant conditioning, social learning and cognitive appraisal
82
CBT: social learning
bandura; observational learning, self-efficacy
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CBT: cognitive appraisal
subjective interpretations of environment
84
CBT: psychopathology is defined as
presence of persistent irrational, maladaptive, dysfunctional patterns in thinking and internal speech
85
CBT: less emphasis on
relationship
86
CBT: process uses
1. collaborative assessment interview
2. set agenda
3. problem list
4. self-rating scales
5. case formulation
6. education
87
CBT: methods
1. vertical descent technique-therapist guess underlying thoughts
2. monitoring procedures to chase down and identify distorted thoughts
3. vigorous and forceful disputing
4. stress inoculation training
5. generating alternative interpretations
6. cognitive restructuring
88
CBT: research support
lots, not for minorities
89
Choice/Reality: william glasser institute
teach all choice theory and use as basis for training in reality therapy, lead management and education; 44 years, 8000 certified reality therapists worldwide and over 75000 who have gotten advanced reality therapy training
90
Choice/Reality: william glasser started in
1960s
91
Choice/Reality: used commonly in
individual counseling and working with youth in schools
92
Choice/Reality: basis for theory
existential and adlerian
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Choice/Reality: humans have 5 basic needs (will overemphasize one if others aren't met)
1. survival
2. love/belonging
3. power/recognition
4. freedom
5. fun
94
Choice/Reality: internal quality world
inner world of wants; developed and established during childhood, includes pictures of people, things/activities, ideas/belief systems we value
95
Choice/Reality: glass says ___ does not exist, psychopathology is from
mental illness; from unhealthy relationships that develop from trying to control or from trying to restrain anger/get help/avoid things
96
Choice/Reality: therapy relationship
building relationship, ask questions focusing on four questions, planning for success
97
Choice/Reality: four questions
what do you want? what are you doing? is it working? should you make a new plan?
98
Choice/Reality: research
not culturally sensitive, little research
99
Feminist: 8 tenets from Worell & Remer (2003)
1. inclusiveness
2. equality
3. seek new knowledge
4. context
5. values
6. advocate change
7. attend to process
8. expand psychological practice
100
Feminist: grassroots historical effort to bring sexual inequities to awareness and resolve through
egalitarian and nonhierarchical solutions
101
Feminist: 3 waves in US
1. universal suffrage and property rights
2. equal rights for women
3. worldwide and multicultural efforts to dismantle oppressive and damaging patriarch systems
102
Feminist: factors contributing
women in academia and science more, consciousness raising groups
103
Feminist: three theoretical principles
sex and gender powerfully affect identity, deviances from dysfunctional culture, consciousness raising part of healing and change
104
Feminist: integrate into other theories
informed consent, non-standardized assessment for variety of feminist-related issues, development of therapeutic relationship, self-disclosure, empowerment, development of feminist consciousness; sex, body image, self-esteem, gender role
105
Feminist: evidence base
sensitive to women, not as much toward other cultures
106
constructive: lots of
diversity in approach
107
constructive: solution-based approaches are
formulaic, brief, surface oriented to produce small changes, having potential for ripple effect for improvements, ignoring problems, denying significance of emotional pain/suffering
108
constructive: narrarive appraoches
language to produce profound changes, more time listening to problems, sparkling moments, attack maladaptive narratives
109
constructive: ___ philosophy foundation
postmodern; everything is subjective, reality is construction
110
constructive: two main perspectives
1. constructivism
| 2. social constructionist
111
constructive: also linked to other ideas
kelly-improvements with preposterous interpretations; erickson-hypnotherapist, made new realities; bateson-language in human interaction
112
constructive: underlying theoretical principles
1. postmodernism
2. language and languaging
3. change is constant and inevitable
4. problems are co-created
5. therapy is: collaborative, cooperative, and co-constructive conversation
6. focuses on strengths and solutions
113
constructive: psychopathology from
development and maintenance of negative and maladaptive personal narratives and getting stuck using unhelpful solutions
114
constructive: techniques
scaling questions, pretreatment change questions, unique account and re-description questions, focusing on unique outcomes/sparkling moments, externalizing conversations, carl rogers with a twist, relabeling and reframing, miracle question, exception question
115
constructive: evidence base
narrative is gender and culture sensitive, solution is not; accumulating evidence
116
family systems: conceptual forces
homeostasis, rules/roles, identified patient, boundaries, alliances, coalitions, triangles
117
family systems: because we exist in groups, treatment at ___ level
systemic; address complexities and engage families in ways that facilitate change
118
family systems: ___ first to consider family relevant
Adler
119
family systems: derivate of
cybernetics, systems theory, second order cybernetics
120
family systems: incorporates concepts from ___ counseling to understand how family's work and how individuals affect others
outside
121
family systems: emphasize family member problems serve ___ within the family, family problems not individual problems
purpose
122
family systems: therapy ideas
circular causality, homeostasis, 1st and 2nd order change, alliances, subsystems, triangulation, coalition
123
family systems: approaches
1. intergenerational
2. structural
3. strategic
4. humanistic-experiential
5. functional
6. multisystemic
7. narrative
8. feminist
124
family systems: effectiveness
intergeneration and strategic less sensitive to individuals
125
multicultural: belief in
social justice; understand selves as member of cultural communities and evolving appreciation and understanding for others
126
multicultural: growth in multicultural thinking
civil rights act, more organizations in support
127
multicultural: three underlying principles
1. cultural membership linked to disadvantage and privilege
2. make distinctions between groups of people based on race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, SES
3. multicultural stance can foster greater understanding between cultural groups and facilitate egalitarian treatment
128
multicultural: psychopathology is from oppressive
social forces
129
multicultural: guided by multicultural competencies
cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, culturally specific skills
130
multicultural: assessment and diagnosis used
carefully and collaboratively
131
multicultural: therapists need to
understand acculturation, be aware of individualist vs collectivist orientations, make cultural adaptations (language matching), learn multicultural therapy skills, open to spirituality
132
multicultural: evidence base
hard to evaluate
133
integrative and new generation: ethical mental health professionals should be able to
1. articulate own theories of why humans develop distress and what helps relieve that
2. compare and contrast own theory with others
3. explain choices of techniques in context of theory and evidence base
134
integrative and new generation: is one theory or several best
depends
135
integrative and new generation: so many approaches because
1. deal with individuality and cultural specificity
| 2. human conflict
136
integrative and new generation: four main ways to practice counseling
1. theoretical purity
2. theoretical integration
3. common factors
4. technical eclecticism
137
integrative and new generation: Lazarus, early example of technical eclecticism
increase the focus on integrating theories
138
integrative and new generation: new generation approaches
EMDR, IPT, EFT, DBT, ACT
139
APA Ethics
1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
a. Do good, avoid harm
2. Fidelity and responsibility
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Respect for people's rights and dignity
140
ACA Ethics
1. Autonomy
2. Nonmaleficence
3. Beneficence
4. Justice
5. Fidelity
6. Veracity
