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Counseling/Psychotherapy App > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

intro: topics discussed

A

historical context, contemporary research, ethical essetials

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2
Q

intro: understand how theories develop by looking at ___ and ___ contexts

A

historical; cultural

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3
Q

intro: who is father of psychotherapy? why is this an issue?

A

Freud; ignores others (Janet claimed he and colleagues working on the same thing as Freud), focusing on white father is racist/sexist

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4
Q

intro: four diff cultural and historical realities or perspectives

A
  1. biomedical
  2. religious/spiritual
  3. psychosocial
  4. feminist/multicultural
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5
Q

intro: definitions for psychotherapy vs counseling

A

psychotherapy-longer and deeper, more expensive with 12 part definition

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6
Q

intro: theory

A

organized of knowledge about a particular object or phenomenon; used to generate hypotheses about human thinking, emotions, behavior/evaluate theories with modern research principles and procedures

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7
Q

intro: Hans Eysenck (1952) conducted review of psychotherapy outcomes and concluded that psychotherapy was ___ effective than no treatment

A

less; controversial finding-substantial research on psychotherapy outcomes, agreed that it’s effective but no agreement on which approach is most effective for which problems

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8
Q

intro: two main positions to great psychotherapy debate

A
  1. specific therapy procedures are superior and should constitute most of what therapists provide
  2. there are common factors within all approaches that account for the fact that research generally shows all therapy approaches have equal efficacy or effectiveness
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9
Q

intro: approaches are evaluated using ____ or ____

A

highly controlled research protocols (randomized controlled trials); real world settings

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10
Q

intro: randomized controlled trials evidence to support

A

treatment efficacy

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11
Q

intro: real world settings evidence to support

A

treatment effectiveness

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12
Q

intro: abide by professional ethics

A
  1. competence and informed consent
  2. multicultural competence
  3. confidentiality
  4. multiple roles
  5. beneficence
  6. know that some approaches can be harmful
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13
Q

psychoanalysis: ___likely had oedipal conflicts, strove for recognition

A

Freud; didn’t want to visit Janet on his deathbed because libel was spread

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14
Q

psychoanalysis: Freud had many health issues-tobacco addiction, cancer and jaw surgery; ___ helped his commit suicide

A

Max Schur; morphine on 2 consecutive days

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15
Q

psychoanalysis: Freud began practicing ___; wrote ___ volumes of work

A

late 1800’s to early 1900’s; 24

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16
Q

psychoanalysis: seduction hypothesis; people had experiences with sexual abuse but then recanted

A

culture of the times was to not talk about sex

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17
Q

psychoanalysis: theories of human development

A
  1. dynamic
  2. topographic
  3. developmental stage
  4. structural
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18
Q

psychoanalysis: everyone can develop psychopathology if

A

exposed to the right type and amount of stress

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19
Q

psychoanalysis: Pine (1990)-evolution of psychoanalytic approach

A
  1. drive
  2. ego psychology
  3. object relations
  4. structural
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20
Q

psychoanalysis: free association used to

A

basic rule; articulate underlying unconscious processes

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21
Q

psychoanalysis: clients experience ___ and ___, therapist uses ___ to clarify and bring unconscious patterns into awareness

A

transference; resistance; interpretation

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22
Q

psychoanalysis: focus interpretations on problematic repeating interpersonal themes or patterns in client’s lives

A

contemporary focus on human relationships as primary motivator and developmental force

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23
Q

psychoanalysis: triangles of insight that include

A
  1. current client relationships
  2. client-therapist relationship (transference)
  3. past client relationships
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24
Q

psychoanalysis: evidence support

A

not suited for females/other cultures, controversial but lots of support

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25
Q

IP and Adler: little debate about significance

A

Ellis praised him as true father of modern psychotherapy, lots of people take from his ideas

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26
Q

IP and Adler: psychology of ___ ___

A

common sense

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27
Q

IP and Adler: Adler established himself and published book before joining with Freud

A

independent thinker that broke from Freud; made comprehensive and practical psych that remains influential today

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28
Q

IP and Adler: theoretical concepts

A
  1. individuals as whole persons that strive for purpose and superiority
  2. emphasizes social interest over self-interest as health goal
  3. individuals are unique
  4. behavior determined by multiple factors
  5. people develop internal cognitive map or “style of life” to handle tasks:
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29
Q

IP and Adler: tasks of life

A
  1. work/occupation
  2. social relationships
  3. love/marriage
  4. self
  5. spirituality
  6. parenting/family
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30
Q

IP and Adler: de-emphasizing psychopathology

A

individuals seeking counseling are viewed as discouraged or as lacking the courage to directly face challenges of tasks of life

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31
Q

IP and Adler: four overlapping stages of therapy

A
  1. forming friendly and egalitarian therapy relationship
  2. obtaining info leading to comprehensive lifestyle assessment and analysis
  3. using collaborative interpretation to help clients achieve insight into style of life
  4. reorientation or changing of on’es style of life to better meet tasks of life
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32
Q

IP and Adler: gender

A

far ahead of time; women were capable but oppressed by male society, viewed individuals within relational and social context

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33
Q

IP and Adler: research

A

little empirical research supporting efficacy

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34
Q

existential: about

A

finding meaning, taking personal responsibility

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35
Q

existential: based on existential philosophy

A

invariable conditions of human existence: personal responsibility, isolation, death, meaning

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36
Q

existential: view life in dialectical extremes then gather knowledge and meaning from ____

A

integration of extremes; experiencing and embracing personal freedom, combined with complete responsibility for one’s actions

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37
Q

existential: principles

A
  • I am experience
  • four existential ways of being: umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt, uberwelt
  • daimonic
  • nature of anxiety and guilt
    -existential psychodynamics or ultimate concerns
  • self-awareness
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38
Q

existential: achieve greater ___ and ___ all that live has to offer in order to ____

A

awareness; embrace; live life to the fullest

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39
Q

existential: form I-thou relationship with clients and use it for therapeutic change

A

process involves intense interpersonal encounter that includes deep emotional sharing, feedback, confrontation, encouragement

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40
Q

existential: not sensitive to

A

gender or culture

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41
Q

existential: don’t value empirical science

A

little research supporting efficacy

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42
Q

PCT: rogers understood central role of

A

relationship; more important than problems and techniques (transparency, acceptance, empathy)

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43
Q

PCT: rogers was super optimistic and positive

A

raised in strict and judgmental home, one of the most respectful therapies ever

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44
Q

PCT: in 1942, claimed that all that was necessary and sufficient for positive personality change was to provide clients with

A

relationship that had congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding

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45
Q

PCT: four phases of therapy approach

A
  1. nondirective counseling
  2. client centered therapy
  3. becoming a person
  4. worldwide issues
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46
Q

PCT: complex theory of personality focusing on self-development

A

full development of a self-consistent with individuals total organismic experience–most kids are exposed to conditions of worth that lead to conflict with real and ideal selves

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47
Q

PCT: psychopathology from

A

failure to learn from experience

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48
Q

PCT: motivation interviewing

A

contemporary form, initially made for alcohol abusing clients; reflective, empathic techniques to focus on client ambivalence and to help clients develop own motivation to change

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49
Q

PCT: gender/cultrue

A

positive for feminists, negative for collectivist cultures

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50
Q

PCT: empirically based support

A

strong evidence for empathy, better than no treatment but less efficacious than more supported

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51
Q

Gestalt: live life to fullest in ___

A

present

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52
Q

Gestalt: ___ approach

A

experiential

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53
Q

Gestalt: integration of several theories

A
  1. psychoanalysis
  2. gestalt psych
  3. field theory
  4. existentialism
  5. phenomenology
  6. holism
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54
Q

Gestalt: therapy process

A

I-thou, here and now, what and how

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55
Q

Gestalt: contact with others and experiences are important; types of disturbance

A

introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence

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56
Q

Gestalt: emotionally activating, have to work

A

collaboratively and follow training guidelines

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57
Q

Gestalt: clients have unfinished business that can be

A

brought into present to finish actively

58
Q

Gestalt: therapists

A

establish genuine relationship, facilitate client awareness, engage clients in gestalt experiments

59
Q

Gestalt: culture

A

not for those that don’t value talking about emotions

60
Q

Gestalt: empirical evidence

A

some evidence that its effective, emotion focused shows some empirical promise

61
Q

Behavioral: skinner vs rogers

A

determinism vs free will

62
Q

Behavioral: not as strict as people think

A

flexible, open to new techniques

63
Q

Behavioral: adherence to

A

scientific validation of therapeutic techniques

64
Q

Behavioral: very effective but

A

which approaches with which problems

65
Q

Behavioral: is it actually more effective or

A

is it better at showing effectiveness

66
Q

Behavioral: began in US when

A

early 1900’s, official birth 1950’s

67
Q

Behavioral: Mary Cover Jones

A

reserach on kids with fears and phobias

68
Q

Behavioral: therapists are

A

scientists

69
Q

Behavioral: three main models

A
  1. operant conditioning(applied behavioral analysis)
  2. classical conditioning (neobehavioristic, meditational stimulus response)
  3. social learning theory
70
Q

Behavioral: psychopathology from

A

maladaptive learning, treated by providing clients new learning experiences

71
Q

Behavioral: empirically based assessment and intervention procedures

A

functional behavioral assessment, behavioral interviewing, standardized questionnaires

72
Q

Behavioral: therapy procedures

A
  1. token economy and contingency management
  2. behavioral activation
  3. relaxation training
  4. systematic desensitization and exposure treatment
  5. skills training
73
Q

Behavioral: focus on

A

symptoms, not good for gender/minority

74
Q

Behavioral: research support

A

tons, efficacious and effective

75
Q

CBT: so much support, seems to work for almost everything

A

is this the best it will get? or do we still need more?

76
Q

CBT: including cognition used to be resisted, but now

A

integrated with behavioral

77
Q

CBT: more began to break out of psychoanalysis in the

A

40-50s

78
Q

CBT: rational emotive (behavior) therapy

A

Ellis; confrontational, irrational thoughts

79
Q

CBT: cognitive therapy

A

Beck; collaborative, maladaptive thoughts

80
Q

CBT: self-instructional training

A

Meichenbaum

81
Q

CBT: theoretical principles

A

classical and operant conditioning, social learning and cognitive appraisal

82
Q

CBT: social learning

A

bandura; observational learning, self-efficacy

83
Q

CBT: cognitive appraisal

A

subjective interpretations of environment

84
Q

CBT: psychopathology is defined as

A

presence of persistent irrational, maladaptive, dysfunctional patterns in thinking and internal speech

85
Q

CBT: less emphasis on

A

relationship

86
Q

CBT: process uses

A
  1. collaborative assessment interview
  2. set agenda
  3. problem list
  4. self-rating scales
  5. case formulation
  6. education
87
Q

CBT: methods

A
  1. vertical descent technique-therapist guess underlying thoughts
  2. monitoring procedures to chase down and identify distorted thoughts
  3. vigorous and forceful disputing
  4. stress inoculation training
  5. generating alternative interpretations
  6. cognitive restructuring
88
Q

CBT: research support

A

lots, not for minorities

89
Q

Choice/Reality: william glasser institute

A

teach all choice theory and use as basis for training in reality therapy, lead management and education; 44 years, 8000 certified reality therapists worldwide and over 75000 who have gotten advanced reality therapy training

90
Q

Choice/Reality: william glasser started in

A

1960s

91
Q

Choice/Reality: used commonly in

A

individual counseling and working with youth in schools

92
Q

Choice/Reality: basis for theory

A

existential and adlerian

93
Q

Choice/Reality: humans have 5 basic needs (will overemphasize one if others aren’t met)

A
  1. survival
  2. love/belonging
  3. power/recognition
  4. freedom
  5. fun
94
Q

Choice/Reality: internal quality world

A

inner world of wants; developed and established during childhood, includes pictures of people, things/activities, ideas/belief systems we value

95
Q

Choice/Reality: glass says ___ does not exist, psychopathology is from

A

mental illness; from unhealthy relationships that develop from trying to control or from trying to restrain anger/get help/avoid things

96
Q

Choice/Reality: therapy relationship

A

building relationship, ask questions focusing on four questions, planning for success

97
Q

Choice/Reality: four questions

A

what do you want? what are you doing? is it working? should you make a new plan?

98
Q

Choice/Reality: research

A

not culturally sensitive, little research

99
Q

Feminist: 8 tenets from Worell & Remer (2003)

A
  1. inclusiveness
  2. equality
  3. seek new knowledge
  4. context
  5. values
  6. advocate change
  7. attend to process
  8. expand psychological practice
100
Q

Feminist: grassroots historical effort to bring sexual inequities to awareness and resolve through

A

egalitarian and nonhierarchical solutions

101
Q

Feminist: 3 waves in US

A
  1. universal suffrage and property rights
  2. equal rights for women
  3. worldwide and multicultural efforts to dismantle oppressive and damaging patriarch systems
102
Q

Feminist: factors contributing

A

women in academia and science more, consciousness raising groups

103
Q

Feminist: three theoretical principles

A

sex and gender powerfully affect identity, deviances from dysfunctional culture, consciousness raising part of healing and change

104
Q

Feminist: integrate into other theories

A

informed consent, non-standardized assessment for variety of feminist-related issues, development of therapeutic relationship, self-disclosure, empowerment, development of feminist consciousness; sex, body image, self-esteem, gender role

105
Q

Feminist: evidence base

A

sensitive to women, not as much toward other cultures

106
Q

constructive: lots of

A

diversity in approach

107
Q

constructive: solution-based approaches are

A

formulaic, brief, surface oriented to produce small changes, having potential for ripple effect for improvements, ignoring problems, denying significance of emotional pain/suffering

108
Q

constructive: narrarive appraoches

A

language to produce profound changes, more time listening to problems, sparkling moments, attack maladaptive narratives

109
Q

constructive: ___ philosophy foundation

A

postmodern; everything is subjective, reality is construction

110
Q

constructive: two main perspectives

A
  1. constructivism

2. social constructionist

111
Q

constructive: also linked to other ideas

A

kelly-improvements with preposterous interpretations; erickson-hypnotherapist, made new realities; bateson-language in human interaction

112
Q

constructive: underlying theoretical principles

A
  1. postmodernism
  2. language and languaging
  3. change is constant and inevitable
  4. problems are co-created
  5. therapy is: collaborative, cooperative, and co-constructive conversation
  6. focuses on strengths and solutions
113
Q

constructive: psychopathology from

A

development and maintenance of negative and maladaptive personal narratives and getting stuck using unhelpful solutions

114
Q

constructive: techniques

A

scaling questions, pretreatment change questions, unique account and re-description questions, focusing on unique outcomes/sparkling moments, externalizing conversations, carl rogers with a twist, relabeling and reframing, miracle question, exception question

115
Q

constructive: evidence base

A

narrative is gender and culture sensitive, solution is not; accumulating evidence

116
Q

family systems: conceptual forces

A

homeostasis, rules/roles, identified patient, boundaries, alliances, coalitions, triangles

117
Q

family systems: because we exist in groups, treatment at ___ level

A

systemic; address complexities and engage families in ways that facilitate change

118
Q

family systems: ___ first to consider family relevant

A

Adler

119
Q

family systems: derivate of

A

cybernetics, systems theory, second order cybernetics

120
Q

family systems: incorporates concepts from ___ counseling to understand how family’s work and how individuals affect others

A

outside

121
Q

family systems: emphasize family member problems serve ___ within the family, family problems not individual problems

A

purpose

122
Q

family systems: therapy ideas

A

circular causality, homeostasis, 1st and 2nd order change, alliances, subsystems, triangulation, coalition

123
Q

family systems: approaches

A
  1. intergenerational
  2. structural
  3. strategic
  4. humanistic-experiential
  5. functional
  6. multisystemic
  7. narrative
  8. feminist
124
Q

family systems: effectiveness

A

intergeneration and strategic less sensitive to individuals

125
Q

multicultural: belief in

A

social justice; understand selves as member of cultural communities and evolving appreciation and understanding for others

126
Q

multicultural: growth in multicultural thinking

A

civil rights act, more organizations in support

127
Q

multicultural: three underlying principles

A
  1. cultural membership linked to disadvantage and privilege
  2. make distinctions between groups of people based on race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, SES
  3. multicultural stance can foster greater understanding between cultural groups and facilitate egalitarian treatment
128
Q

multicultural: psychopathology is from oppressive

A

social forces

129
Q

multicultural: guided by multicultural competencies

A

cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, culturally specific skills

130
Q

multicultural: assessment and diagnosis used

A

carefully and collaboratively

131
Q

multicultural: therapists need to

A

understand acculturation, be aware of individualist vs collectivist orientations, make cultural adaptations (language matching), learn multicultural therapy skills, open to spirituality

132
Q

multicultural: evidence base

A

hard to evaluate

133
Q

integrative and new generation: ethical mental health professionals should be able to

A
  1. articulate own theories of why humans develop distress and what helps relieve that
  2. compare and contrast own theory with others
  3. explain choices of techniques in context of theory and evidence base
134
Q

integrative and new generation: is one theory or several best

A

depends

135
Q

integrative and new generation: so many approaches because

A
  1. deal with individuality and cultural specificity

2. human conflict

136
Q

integrative and new generation: four main ways to practice counseling

A
  1. theoretical purity
  2. theoretical integration
  3. common factors
  4. technical eclecticism
137
Q

integrative and new generation: Lazarus, early example of technical eclecticism

A

increase the focus on integrating theories

138
Q

integrative and new generation: new generation approaches

A

EMDR, IPT, EFT, DBT, ACT

139
Q

APA Ethics

A
  1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
    a. Do good, avoid harm
    1. Fidelity and responsibility
    2. Integrity
    3. Justice
      1. Respect for people’s rights and dignity
140
Q

ACA Ethics

A
  1. Autonomy
    1. Nonmaleficence
    2. Beneficence
    3. Justice
    4. Fidelity
      1. Veracity

Counseling/Psychotherapy App (1 decks)

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